Aphrodite:The Goddess at Work in Archaic Greek Poetry

<p>Greek literature frequently associates female beauty with clothing and jewellery. In addition, the concept of female beauty and allure is closely connected with the goddess Aphrodite. The fact that her beauty is repeatedly singled out as an object of comparison for mortal women suggests that beauty, to a certain extent, bridges the gap between mortal and immortal. Pandora and Helen best exemplify this connection because, like Aphrodite, they are known for their beauty and also enjoy semi-divine status. Moreover, these three women are notorious for their ability to deceive and it is mostly then that their beauty is emphasised. This has led to an association between beauty and deception which climaxes in the famous seduction scenes of Greek literature. Not only are these seduction scenes closely related to Aphrodite but they also rely heavily on nonverbal communication, in particular so-called significant objects and objects adaptors such as clothing and jewellery. Consequently, female beauty comes to be misrepresented as artificial and relying on external decorations. However, in contrast to the traditional texts of Homer and Hesiod, Sappho offers a different perspective. Combining Homeric and Hesiodic elements with her own ideas, she alters the way female beauty is viewed. For example, the Homeric war chariot - a symbol of male, military prowess - comes to symbolise the totality of Aphrodite's power uniting in itself male and female qualities. Having addressed the concept of beauty directly, Sappho then concludes that beauty lies in the eye of the beholder. With the help of Helen of Troy and her beloved Anaktoria, Sappho sets out to reinvent the concept of female beauty as a godlike, subjective quality that may be expressed in many ways, yet remains inspired by Aphrodite.</p>

Aphrodite:The Goddess at Work in Archaic Greek Poetry

<p>Greek literature frequently associates female beauty with clothing and jewellery. In addition, the concept of female beauty and allure is closely connected with the goddess Aphrodite. The fact that her beauty is repeatedly singled out as an object of comparison for mortal women suggests that beauty, to a certain extent, bridges the gap between mortal and immortal. Pandora and Helen best exemplify this connection because, like Aphrodite, they are known for their beauty and also enjoy semi-divine status. Moreover, these three women are notorious for their ability to deceive and it is mostly then that their beauty is emphasised. This has led to an association between beauty and deception which climaxes in the famous seduction scenes of Greek literature. Not only are these seduction scenes closely related to Aphrodite but they also rely heavily on nonverbal communication, in particular so-called significant objects and objects adaptors such as clothing and jewellery. Consequently, female beauty comes to be misrepresented as artificial and relying on external decorations. However, in contrast to the traditional texts of Homer and Hesiod, Sappho offers a different perspective. Combining Homeric and Hesiodic elements with her own ideas, she alters the way female beauty is viewed. For example, the Homeric war chariot - a symbol of male, military prowess - comes to symbolise the totality of Aphrodite's power uniting in itself male and female qualities. Having addressed the concept of beauty directly, Sappho then concludes that beauty lies in the eye of the beholder. With the help of Helen of Troy and her beloved Anaktoria, Sappho sets out to reinvent the concept of female beauty as a godlike, subjective quality that may be expressed in many ways, yet remains inspired by Aphrodite.</p>

FAKE REALITY: WOMEN PORTRAYAL IN BEAUTY PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENTS OF PAKISTANI PRIVATE CHANNELS

Since advertising was introduced many centuries ago, women have been objectified and, in some cases, insulted or belittled. The second wave of feminists challenged society's definition of femininity, and society's insistence on equating men with “thought” and women with “nature” and “body.” This paper aims to investigate the question of women portrayal in Pakistani media with “Jean Baudrillard theory of Simulacra and Simulation”. It focuses on how media and writing are constantly affected by hyperreality. Films, commercials, news, web-based media, and so on address fake real factors with the goal that the current world can't understand reality and innovation. Content analysis was used to emphasize how sexist media constructs an unattainable or objective image of female beauty. This paper shows how personal achievements and accomplishments are only acceptable if they meet the criteria of unrealistic beauty standards. The idea of being “perfect” is reinforced through media but mostly women are suffering with anxiety, depression and the feeling of being insecure in their homes. The fear of being inferior and rejection make them vulnerable and less competitive in society which develops a sense of passiveness and low self-esteem.Sejak dunia periklanan diperkenalkan, perempuan telah menjadi objek, dan dalam beberapa kasus mereka direndahkan dan mengalami penolakan. Gelombang feminis telah menentang definisi feminitas dan desakan masyarakat untuk menyamakan laki-laki dengan ‘pikiran’ dan perempuan dengan ‘nature’ dan ‘body’. Artikel ini bermaksud untuk menyelidiki bagaimana proses penggambaran perempuan di media Pakistan melalui teori Simulacra dan Simulasi Jean Baudrillard. Tulisan ini juga berfokus pada bagaimana media secara terus-menerus dipengaruhi oleh hiperrealitas. Film, iklan, berita, media berbasis website, dan yang lainnya membahas realitas palsu dengan tujuan agar dunia saat ini tidak memahami realitas dan inovasi. Analisis Konten digunakan untuk menekankan bagaimana media seksis membangun citra kecantikan perempuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bagaimana pencapaian pribadi hanya dapat diterima jika telah memenuhi standar kecantikan yang tidak realistis. Gagasan untuk menjadi perempuan “sempurna” diperkuat melalui media, namun pada kenyataannya para perempuan justru mengalami kecemasan, depresi, dan perasaan tidak aman. Inferioritas dan dan ketakutan akan penolakan membuat mereka rentan dan kurang kompetitif dalam masyarakat, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi sikap pasif dan memiliki harga diri yang rendah.

The Heaven and Earth Concepts in Women Beauty Comparison Phraseological Expressions of Different Cultures

Research relevance in this article is the study of concepts Heaven and Earth, through phraseological units belonging to carriers of different-structured languages, which reflect female beauty, determine their universal and national-unique characteristics. Research purpose is to study and analyze the features of stable expressions about the beauty of women associated with the concept Heaven and Earth in different cultures. Research methods: we tried to understand and identify how the beauty of women is reflected in the stable expressions of different peoples, where the culture and assessment of female beauty is preserved in comparison with heavenly bodies and with all earthly beauty on our planet. Research results can be used: in the practice of teaching the course of comparative typology, lexicology of the Russian, Kyrgyz and English languages, as well as in teaching Russian, Kyrgyz and English on a linguacultural basis, both in foreign and national audiences. Conclusions: the semantic spaces of different languages made it possible to compare them with the subsequent allocation of universal universals, the national specifics of the concept sphere, since the concept sphere and the semantic space of a language have a common nature, since they are mental entities.

Female Portrait in Photography Art: from Authenticity to Modernity

The purpose of the research is to analyze female photo portrait, the concept of female beauty in photography, the history of the origin and formation of female portrait in photography. Moreover, the aim was to trace the common and distinct features of a female portrait from the past to nowadays. It was decided to establish a role of female photo portrait in the art of photography, to prove its peculiarity and importance. The research methodology consists of the following parts: theoretical – analysis of the female beauty concept in the photo portrait, history of female portrait development in photography, empirical – study of relationships between female portraits of different times, comparative – comparison of modern and authentic portraits. In the course of cognitive synthesis and generalization of distinctive and similar features of female photo portraits of different times, special features of the female portrait were determined. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the history and formation of female photo portrait from authenticity to the nowadays were analyzed. The analysis was conducted based on photo portraits researches of different times. A detailed analysis of factors influencing the formation of this genre of photography was carried out. With the help of the theoretical analysis, the factors influencing the development of the female photo portrait were determined, its specifics and features were outlined. Conclusions. In the course of the article, we analyzed female portrait in photography and the concept of female beauty in different periods. With the help of the analysis of the history of development and formation of the female portrait photography genre, its role in the art of photography has been established. Peculiarities of female photo portrait as a genre of the art of photography were determined. Its peculiarity and importance have been proved. The factors influencing the concept of female beauty in photography, the development of female portrait and its features have been generalized.

The Word ‘Noor’: Tracing a Long Journey through Translation and Adaptation from Classical Arabic to Contemporary Punjabi/Hindi Pop Songs

In contemporary India, through popular Punjabi, Bollywood songs, we often come across the word “Noor” (tere chehre ka noor etc.) in reference to a female beauty most of the times. We have become so familiar with the word that we almost forgot that the Arabic original word gained its immortal significance when it is mentioned in the Quran in association with the God. The exact and a fixed meaning of the of word “Noor” is not given in the Quran and perhaps, that gives an opportunity which enabled the word to travel worldwide in different languages with different significance attached to it, from spiritual Sufi literature to sensational pop music. This paper will attempt to show how the word Noor has been translated, transliterated, adopted not just literally but the spiritual and religious significances attached to it. This paper will argue that the word Noor itself has not gone through so much of translation apart from transliteration but the significance associated with it have gone through tremendous translations in different languages and cultures. The paper will also argue that the journey of the word through different linguistic and cultural spheres have lost some of its significance as well gained significances through the process of translation.

MITOS KECANTIKAN PEREMPUAN EKSTRA MELALUI IKLAN NIVEA “EXTRA CARE FOR EXTRA WOMEN”

Beautiful woman standards cannot be separated from the media construction of the meaning of beauty. The media displays the standard of beauty that is consumed every day by the people of Indonesia through content and also advertising. An advertisement cannot be separated from a visual character that is built in such a way that it can be an inspiration or can represent the product or service advertised, not only that the visual character in the ad also shows other aspects such as social values and norms, images and lifestyle. This aspects standard certainly affects the views of Indonesian women on beauty. Nivea realizes that every woman is beautiful and has their own potential, so Nivea creates an Nivea extra care for extra women ad. This study aims to determine the myth of extra female beauty from the Nivea Extra Care for Extra Women ad. His research methods are qualitative, Roland Barthes's semiotics and Oswald's semiotic marketing, related to beauty myths. The object is the Nivea Extra Care for Extra Women ad on Youtube.

The Analysis of Beauty, II

This chapter explores the role of gender in The Analysis of Beauty. Many critics have focused on the fact that Hogarth associates the line of beauty with the female body. According to this way of thinking, Hogarth’s focus on the beauty of female bodies is the ground for his democratic aesthetics (female beauty is the kind of beauty “everyone” already knows how to recognize). But Hogarth explicitly addresses his treatise to female as well as male readers, setting women’s attunement to visual experience on a par with the technical expertise of the artisan, and thereby understanding women as subjects as well as objects of visual pleasure.

THE LANGUAGE FEATURES OF MALE AND FEMALE BEAUTY INFLUENCERS IN YOUTUBE VIDEOS

Nowadays, the beauty community has a rapid growth of beauty influencers from both genders. The language style that is used on each gender has its own features and characteristics that can be explored from video sharing platform, YouTube. The aim of this study is to find the language features and distinctive characteristics of the male and female beauty influencers and the differences of comments from their audience. The writer applies qualitative research method by using text analysis of the video script. The data shows that male and female beauty influencers have shown differences in their features and characteristic of language. Men beauty influencers tend to be more straightforward and directive. They also use a more plain and simple words. On the other hand, the women beauty influencers are more polite and intimate in using language. This study is hoped to be the foundation for further research in the same topic of language feature in gendered community within limited topic especially in this modern era.

Domain Semantik, Kata Kerja dan Kolokasi dalam Iklan Produk Kecantikan Wanita

Domain semantik mengandungi sejumlah kata-kata yang berkolokasi dalam medannya dan kata-kata ini mempunyai fungsi atribut. Bagi memperlihatkan fungsi ini dalam bahasa iklan, dua domain semantik produk kecantikan wanita bagi muka dan badan dianalisis kata kerjanya. Produk kecantikan yang dianalisis merupakan iklan dari D’HERBS dan Vida Beauty. Antara metod yang diaplikasi ialah syot layar, analisis teks dan analisis frekuensi. Data dikumpulkan dari iklan yang disiarkan dalam talian. Analisis ini mempunyai dua objektif, iaitu mengenal pasti kata kerja yang lazim dan membincangkan persamaan kata kerja yang lazim digunakan dalam kedua-dua domain. Analisis yang dilakukan mengaplikasikan kerangka kerja Leech (1966) dengan penambahan skop domain semantik, hubungan leksikal dan analisis frekuensi. Ini dilakukan kerana kerangka kerja Leech didapati kurang komprehensif bagi menjelaskan fungsi atribut kata kerja yang dianalisis dalam bahasa iklan. Dapatan analisis memperlihatkan terdapat dua sifat kata kerja, iaitu berkolokasi secara spesifik dan umum. Kata kerja yang berkolokasi secara spesifik merujuk pada hubungan langsung dengan domain yang dirujuk dan sebaliknya bagi umum. Kata yang berkolokasi secara spesifik dengan kecantikan muka, antaranya mencerah/mencerahkan; menganjal/menganjalkan, manakala kecantikan badan, mengurang, menurunkan/turun; mengharumkan/mewangikan. Sama ada kata kerja berkolokasi secara spesifik ataupun umum, isu yang penting dalam bahasa iklan adalah penggunaan kata kerja yang mampu mempengaruhi khalayak. Pemilihan kata kerja yang menjadi sebahagian daripada informasi dalam iklan tidak dilakukan secara sewenang-wenangnya sebaliknya bertujuan memenuhi harapan dan jangkaan pengguna/pembeli (Boone & Kurtz, 1995). Kata kunci: domain semantik; kata kerja; kolokasi; iklan; produk kecantikan Semantics Domain, Verbs and Collocation in Women’s Beauty Product Advertisements Semantics domain contains a number of words that are collocated and these words have attribute functions. To show these functions, two semantic domains of female beauty products for face and body were analyzed. The beauty products advertisements were from D'HERBS and Vida Beauty. Among methods applied in this study were screenshot, text analysis and frequency analysis. Data were collected from online advertisements. This analysis has two objectives, identifying common verbs and discussing commonly used verbs in both domains. The analysis applied Leech’s framework (1966) with the addition of the semantics domain, lexical relation and frequency analysis as Leech’s framework was found to be less comprehensive to explain the attribute functions of the verb. Findings show that there were two properties of verb, specific and general collocation in the domains. Verb with specific collocated refer to direct relationships with referred domains and vice versa for the general one. Verbs that were specifically collocated to the beauty of faces, among them were mencerahkan/mencerah; menganjal/menganjalkan, while for the body, mengurang, menurunkan/turunkan; mengharumkan/mewangikan. Whether the verbs are specifically or generally collated to domains, the most important issue in the advertisement language is the use of verbs that can influence the audience. The selection of verbs that are part of the information in advertising is not arbitrary but was intended to meet the expectations and hopes of consumers / buyers (Boone & Kurtz, 1995). Keywords: semantics domain; verbs; collocation; advertisement; beauty product