scholarly journals Uncertainty

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
Emotional Dynamics

Chapter 6 sheds light on the missing information path, the third path to violence in the protest marches analyzed. As in the other two paths, interpersonal violence between protesters and police breaks out due to interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics during the protest. In this third path spatial incursions, escalation signs, and communication problems between protesters and police lead to violence. Chapter 6 shows that their interplay is vital. Using detailed case vignettes, the chapter illustrates how missing information regarding the other side’s goals and intentions in light of escalation signs and spatial incursions during the protest increases us–them boundaries and heightens tensions and fear. A first section of the chapter looks at the role of uncertainty and rumors in escalating situations. A second section discusses missing information as a key dynamic in leading to violence across protest marches.

scholarly journals Losing Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
And Training ◽  
Police Forces ◽  
Emotional Dynamics

Chapter 4 discusses the first of three paths to protest violence discussed in the book. Each of these paths involves interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics that emerge between the start of the protest and violence erupting. In this first path, police mismanagement and spatial incursions merge into a loss-of-control path. In this path, the organization of police forces is either flawed or breaks down during the protest situation. When the resulting uncertainty and disorientation of officers is combined with territorial invasions by protesters, officers perceive a loss of control over the situation. This loss of control leads officers to assume that usually reliable situational routines have broken down, which increases tensions and fear and favors physical clashes. The chapter uses detailed case vignettes to illustrate how a loss-of-control path unfolds. It examines the role of territory in protests and provides insights into police objectives and training.

Role of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the regulation of steroid production by human fetal adrenal cells in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Baird ◽  
K. W. Kan ◽  
Samuel Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cells In Culture

Synthetic (1–39)ACTH, (1–24)ACTH, (18–39)ACTH, α-MSH, met-enkephalin and α-, βand γ-endorphin were tested for their ability to stimulate steroidogenesis by human fetal adrenal cells in culture. Adrenal cells were incubated with peptide hormones for two periods of 24 h. On the third day of the experiment the cells were incubated with progesterone (4 μg/2 ml) for 8 h. At the doses tested only (1–39)ACTH, (1–24)ACTH and α-MSH stimulated steroidogenesis. None of the other peptides had any corticotrophic effect on the formation of cortisol, corticosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS). At the highest doses tested, α-MSH (100 μg/2 ml) had a corticotrophic effect that was not different from that obtained with 20 ng (1–39)ACTH or (1–24)ACTH. At the lower doses (0·2–2 μg/2 ml), α-MSH stimulated the formation of DHAS (P<0·01) without stimulating the formation of cortisol.

Inspiratory elevation of the ribs in the dog: primary role of the parasternals [published errata appear in J Appl Physiol 1991 Aug;71(2):following Table of Contents and 1991 Dec;71(6):following Author Index]

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Fourth Rib

To assess the relative contributions of the different groups of inspiratory intercostal muscles to the cranial motion of the ribs in the dog, we have measured the axial displacement of the fourth rib and recorded the electromyograms of the parasternal intercostal, external intercostal, and levator costae in the third interspace in 15 anesthetized animals breathing at rest. In eight animals, the parasternal intercostals were denervated in interspaces 1-5. This procedure caused a marked increase in the amount of external intercostal and levator costae inspiratory activity, and yet the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was reduced by 55%. On the other hand, the external intercostals in interspaces 1-5 were sectioned in seven animals, and the reduction in the cranial rib motion was only 22%; the amount of parasternal and levator costae activity, however, was unchanged. When the parasternals in these animals were subsequently denervated, the levator costae inspiratory activity increased markedly, but the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was abolished or reversed into an inspiratory caudal motion. These studies thus confirm that, in the dog breathing at rest, the parasternal intercostals have a larger role than the external intercostals and levator costae in causing the cranial motion of the ribs during inspiration. A quantitative analysis suggests that the parasternal contribution is approximately 80%.

scholarly journals Association between spectator and other roles in school bullying

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Marcela Almeida Zequinão ◽  
Pâmella De Medeiros ◽  
Beatriz Pereira ◽  
Fernando Luiz Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aggressive Behaviours

Introduction: The school bullying is characterized by repetitiveness of aggression and the intentionality to injure or cause suffering to others. The bystanders to this phenomenon tend to be mainly responsible for the course that bullying will take and its results. Objective: To analyse the association between the role of bystander with the other possible roles played in bullying. Method: A total of 409 children from the third to seventh grade participated in this study, with an average age of 11 years (SD = 1.61), enrolled in two municipal public schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The instruments used were: one of the scales of the Questionnaire for the Study of Violence Among Peers, to identify bystanders, and the Olweus Questionnaire, to describe the possible roles played in school bullying. Results: It was found that most of the participants assumed the role of bystander in school bullying. However, an association was found with regard to gender and being a bystander. Also, strong association was found between being a bystander and the other roles played in bullying, primarily in relation to the bullies. Conclusion: These results reinforce the importance of bystanders in these aggressions, not only because they represent most of the participants, but mainly because of the positive or negative reinforcement they can offer in these aggressive behaviours. Therefore, the incentive and the encouragement of these students to denounce the aggressors, as well as defending the victims is essential to reduce school bullying.

Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust

2009 ◽  
pp. 2316-2323
Author(s):  
Rino Falcone ◽  
Cristiano Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interaction Traces ◽  
Cooperative Models ◽  
Support Decision Making

Humans have learned to cooperate in many ways and in many environments, on different tasks, and for achieving different and several goals. Collaboration and cooperation in their more general sense (and, in particular, negotiation, exchange, help, delegation, adoption, and so on) are important characteristics - or better, the most foundational aspects - of human societies (Tuomela, 1995). In the evolution of cooperative models, a fundamental role has been played by diverse constructs of various kinds (purely interactional, technical-legal, organizational, socio-cognitive, etc.), opportunely introduced (or spontaneously emerged) to support decision making in collaborative situations. The new scenarios we are destined to meet in the third millennium transfigure the old frame of reference, in that we have to consider new channels and infrastructures (i.e., the Internet), new artificial entities for cooperating with artificial or software agents, and new modalities of interaction (suggested/imposed by both the new channels and the new entities). In fact, it is changing the identification of the potential partners, the perception of the other agents, the space-temporal context in which interaction happen, the nature of the interaction traces, the kind and role of the authorities and guarantees, etc. For coping with these scenarios, it will be necessary to update the traditional supporting decision-making constructs. This effort will be necessary especially to develop the new cybersocieties in such a way as not to miss some of the important cooperative characteristics that are so relevant in human societies.

scholarly journals The role of second coordination-sphere interactions in incommensurately modulated structures, using β-K5Yb(MoO4)4 as an example

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Arakcheeva ◽  
Gervais Chapuis ◽  
Vâclav Petricek ◽  
Vladimir Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Coordination Sphere ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modulated Structures ◽  
Coordination Spheres

The incommensurate palmierite-like structure of β-K5Yb(MoO4)4, potassium ytterbium tetramolydate, has been refined in the (3 + 1)-dimensional monoclinic superspace group X2/m(0ρ0)00, with X = [0 0 0 0; ½ ½ 0 0; 0 0 ½ ½; ½ ½ ½ ½] and the unit-cell parameters a = 10.4054 (16), b = 6.1157 (12), c = 19.7751 (18) Å, β = 136.625 (10)°; q = 0.6354 (30)b*. The occupations of the K and Yb atomic positions are described by crenel functions. The structure model reveals a balanced interaction between the atoms of the first and second coordination spheres. It is shown that the third coordination sphere should not be neglected in studies of modulated structures. The ordering of the K and Yb atoms appears to be the driving force for the modulation of all the other atoms.

scholarly journals Intertextuality of Political Discourse in Germany (on the Example of “Political Ash Wedfnesday”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-90
Author(s):  
Maria A. Elizarieva ◽  
Marina A. Chigasheva ◽  
Boris Blahak ◽  
Maria Yu. Mikhina
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Television Commercial ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Social Union ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the role of intertext in public speeches of politicians of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria within the framework of the “political ash Wednesday”. On the example of the speeches of M. Söder, A. Scheuer and M. Blume in 2018, the relationship between the type of intertext and its pretext, on the one hand, and the speaker’s intention, on the other, was analyzed. As a result of the analysis of 23 intertextual inclusions, four intentions were revealed, among which (48 %) criticism of political opponents (SDPG, “The Greens”, AfD, “Free Voters”) prevails. Quotes from representatives of these parties, political slogans, a paraphrase of the name of the eco-movement and a quote from an artist are used to express it. As the intertextual analysis showed, to verbalize the second intention (appeal to authoritative opinion and emphasize the continuity of the party course), the former chairman of the CSU F. J. Strauss is cited, while the third intention (opposing Bavaria to the rest of Germany) is implemented using a quote from the Bavarian anthem, a paraphrase of a television commercial and quotations from a literary work. In addition, the authors found that the fourth intention (emphasizing the dialogic nature of communication with ordinary people) is found only in M. Söder’s speech in the form of a retelling of his dialogues with ordinary citizens.

scholarly journals The role of NDI on the failure analysis of an aircraft propeller hub

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 04021
Author(s):  
Iordanis Spyroglou ◽  
Angelos Koutsomichalis ◽  
Panos Stavropoulos ◽  
Nikolaos Roussis
Keyword(s):  
High Stress ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Propeller Blade ◽  
High Stress Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Non Destructive

This paper analyses the causes of an incident in an aircraft propeller hub. The aluminum alloy propeller blade hub was detached from the plane bearing one of its two blades with the other one being jettisoned away. Stereoscopic examination of the fractured hub revealed that it was initially cracked by fatigue, with the crack initiating on the root of the third and fourth spirals and propagating form the inner to the outer. SEM analysis showed that the crack epicentres were created very close or/and on the spiral roots and were attributed to microcracks from corrosion pits and high stress concentration. Non Destructive Inspection was both used on the other side of the hub and the remaining three hubs of the plane and confirmed the presence of cracks similar to those which caused the fatigue failure of the fractured hub but at earliest stage of development.

History, Identity, and the Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-290
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Difficulty ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Past Action ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

part 4 History, Identity, and the Present Part 4 considers the role of historical consciousness in shaping present-day identity. It is critical of prejudicial ‘Identity History’ while enjoining historians to embrace their roles in historical arguments pertaining to identity. The first section clarifies what falls outside the definition of ‘Identity History’, noting that much excellent scholarship pertains to identity and even serves identity goals without being prejudicial. The second section highlights where historians working on identity matters are likely to fall into conceptual difficulty. Is the relationship between past ‘them’ and present ‘us’ a matter of identity or difference or a bit of both? Identity History is inconsistent here, with different attitudes taken depending on whether that past behaviour was good or bad by present lights. There are consequences for the historian’s engagement with past rights and wrongs, harms and benefits, because claims on these matters constitute stakes in the identity game whose winner gets to decide what is desirable in the here and now. The third section develops such themes and distinguishes between more and less appropriate idioms for characterizing the relationship between contemporary polities and groups on one hand and the deeds of relevant ‘forebears’ on the other hand. It is a mistake to talk of contemporary guilt, or for that matter virtue, in light of what one’s predecessors did, but the language of shame or pride may be appropriate. The fourth section addresses the material legacies of past action, considering matters of compensation and redistribution. The concluding section returns to broader principles.

Acquiring the transitive construction in English: the role of animacy and pronouns

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
KELLY DODSON ◽  
MICHAEL TOMASELLO
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transitive Action ◽  
Only Children ◽  
The Third

Twenty-four children between 2;5 and 3;1 were taught two nonce verbs. Each verb was used multiple times by an adult experimenter to refer to a highly transitive action involving a mostly animate agent (including the child herself) and a patient of varying animacy. One of the verbs was modelled in the Two-Participants condition in which the experimenter said: ‘Look. Big Bird is dopping the boat’. The other verb was modelled in the No-Participant condition in which the experimenter named the Two-Participants but did not use them as arguments of the novel verb: ‘Look what Big Bird is doing to the boat. It's called keefing’. It was found that whereas many children produced transitive sentences with the Two-Participants verb, only children close to 3;0 produced transitive sentences with the No-Participant verb. This age is somewhat younger than previous studies in which young children were asked to produce transitive sentences with two lexical nouns for the two animate participants. Also, re-analyses of previously published studies in which children learned novel verbs in sentence frames without arguments found that the few transitive sentences produced by children under 2;6 involved either I or me as subject. One hypothesis is thus that as young children in the third year of life begin to construct a more abstract and verb-general transitive construction, this construction initially contains only certain types of participants expressed in only certain kinds of linguistic forms.

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