Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
John P. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Abiotic Environment ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Interacting Species

Predator–prey interactions represent an essential component of natural systems. By consuming other organisms, predators transfer energy from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels, simultaneously altering the abundance of prey and fueling growth of the predator population. The functional response describes the rate of foraging as a function of prey abundance, connecting predator–prey pairs in food webs. The functional response integrates nearly all aspects of biology, including genetics, morphology, behavior, parasites and disease, risk, and the abiotic environment. As a result, the functional response is a core construct that is essential for understanding and predicting the structure and dynamics of ecological systems. Because the functional response responds to temperature and other changes in the environment, the functional response is also essential for predicting the effects of climate change, managing and conserving species, and the evolution of interacting species.

Predator–prey interactions and climate change

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Bretagnolle ◽  
Julien Terraube
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Available Information

Climate change is likely to impact all trophic levels, although the response of communities and ecosystems to it has only recently received considerable attention. Further, it is expected to affect the magnitude of species interactions themselves. In this chapter, we summarize why and how climate change could affect predator–prey interactions, then review the literature about its impact on predator–prey relationships in birds, and provide prospects for future studies. Expected effects on prey or predators may include changes in the following: distribution, phenology, population density, behaviour, morphology, or physiology. We review the currently available information concerning particular key topics: top-down versus bottom-up control, specialist versus generalist predators, functional versus numerical responses, trophic cascades and regime shifts, and lastly adaptation and selection. Finally, we focus our review on two well-studied bird examples: seabirds and raptors. Key future topics include long-term studies, modelling and experimental studies, evolutionary questions, and conservation issues.

2. Effect of climate change on the predation rate of zooplankton in Swan Lake, Sudbury, ON

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Daly
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Swan Lake ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Boreal Shield ◽  
Biodiversity Changes ◽  
Shield Lakes

Climate change interacts with other environmental stressors (e.g., acid deposition, calcium depletion, invasive species) to alter both the chemical and biological characteristics of Boreal Shield lakes, potentially leading to changes in aquatic biodiversity. Changes in biodiversity can result in loss of sensitive species and affect dynamic interactions among species at varying trophic levels. Currently, little is known about the effect of climate warming on predator-prey relationships in aquatic ecosystems. I examine how predicted warming of Boreal Shield lakes may affect predation rate. More specifically, my research examines how temperature affects the predation rate on zooplankton by common macroinvertebrate predators. Zooplankton, Chaoborus and Notonectidae were used from Swan Lake in Sudbury, ON. I performed 24-hr laboratory feeding trials to examine the rate at which predators feed over a range of natural and predicted lake temperatures. By investigating differences in invertebrate predation occurring in Swan Lake, we will be able to predict predator -prey relationships in Boreal Shield lakes subject to warming as a result of climate change.

A MODEL FOR TWO SPECIES WITH STAGE STRUCTURE AND FEEDBACK CONTROL

2008 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 267-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONG ZHANG ◽  
LANSUN CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Stage Structure ◽  
Delay System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Integral Term ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Two Stages

This paper studies a periodic coefficients predator-prey delay system with mixed functional response, in which the prey has a history that takes them through two stages, immature and mature. Also, the total toxic action on the predator population expressed by an integral term is considered in our system. Furthermore, the feedback control is considered in our system. Sufficient conditions which guarantee the permanence and extinction of the system are obtained. Finally, we give a brief discussion of our results. From a biological point of view, our results can be used to help protect beneficial animals.

scholarly journals Dynamical Analysis of a Beddington–DeAngelis Interacting Species System with Prey Harvesting

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Narayan Guin ◽  
Reeta Murmu ◽  
Hunki Baek ◽  
Kyoung-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Persistence Property ◽  
The Impact

A reaction–diffusion interacting species system with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response that has been proposed in the environment of mathematical ecology, which provides the rise to spatial pattern formation, is investigated and associated with the models of deterministic dynamics. The dynamical behaviour of a generalist predator–prey system with linear harvesting of each species and predator-dependent functional response is fully analyzed. Conditions of stability behaviour of the interior equilibrium point are established properly. Furthermore, we have recognized that the unique positive equilibrium point of the system is globally stable via appropriate Lyapunov function structure, which signifies that appropriate harvesting has no impact on the persistence property of the harvesting system. Also, we establish the conditions for the existence of bifurcation phenomena including a saddle-node bifurcation and a Hopf bifurcation. Subsequently, complete analysis regarding the impact of harvesting is carried out, and an interesting decision is that under some appropriate constraints, harvesting has immense impact on the final size of the interacting species. In addition, in accordance with Turing’s ideas on morphogenesis , our analysis shows that harvesting effort in a reaction–diffusion predator–prey system plays a vital function for geological conservation of interacting species. Finally, we discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of bionomic equilibrium point and the optimal harvesting policy attained by using the Pontryagin maximal principle.

scholarly journals Inferring Size-Based Functional Responses From the Physical Properties of the Medium

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien M. J. Portalier ◽  
Gregor F. Fussmann ◽  
Michel Loreau ◽  
Mehdi Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Physical Principles

First derivations of the functional response were mechanistic, but subsequent uses of these functions tended to be phenomenological. Further understanding of the mechanisms underpinning predator-prey relationships might lead to novel insights into functional response in natural systems. Because recent consideration of the physical properties of the environment has improved our understanding of predator-prey interactions, we advocate the use of physics-based approaches for the derivation of the functional response from first principles. These physical factors affect the functional response by constraining the ability of both predators and prey to move according to their size. A physics-based derivation of the functional response should thus consider the movement of organisms in relation to their physical environment. One recent article presents a model along these criteria. As an initial validation of our claim, we use a slightly modified version of this model to derive the classical parameters of the functional response (i.e., attack rate and handling time) of aquatic organisms, as affected by body size, buoyancy, water density and viscosity. We compared the predictions to relevant data. Our model provided good fit for most parameters, but failed to predict handling time. Remarkably, this is the only parameter whose derivation did not rely on physical principles. Parameters in the model were not estimated from observational data. Hence, systematic discrepancies between predictions and real data point immediately to errors in the model. An added benefit to functional response derivation from physical principles is thus to provide easy ways to validate or falsify hypotheses about predator-prey relationships.

scholarly journals Derivation of Predator Functional Responses Using a Mechanistic Approach in a Natural System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréanne Beardsell ◽  
Dominique Gravel ◽  
Dominique Berteaux ◽  
Gilles Gauthier ◽  
Jeanne Clermont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Acquisition Rates

The functional response is at the core of any predator-prey interactions as it establishes the link between trophic levels. The use of inaccurate functional response can profoundly affect the outcomes of population and community models. Yet most functional responses are evaluated using phenomenological models which often fail to discriminate among functional response shapes and cannot identify the proximate mechanisms regulating predator acquisition rates. Using a combination of behavioral, demographic, and experimental data collected over 20 years, we develop a mechanistic model based on species traits and behavior to assess the functional response of a generalist mammalian predator, the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), to various tundra prey species (lemmings and the nests of geese, passerines, and sandpipers). Predator acquisition rates derived from the mechanistic model were consistent with field observations. Although acquisition rates slightly decrease at high goose nest and lemming densities, none of our simulations resulted in a saturating response in all prey species. Our results highlight the importance of predator searching components in predator-prey interactions, especially predator speed, while predator acquisition rates were not limited by handling processes. By combining theory with field observations, our study provides support that the predator acquisition rate is not systematically limited at the highest prey densities observed in a natural system. Our study also illustrates how mechanistic models based on empirical estimates of the main components of predation can generate functional response shapes specific to the range of prey densities observed in the wild. Such models are needed to fully untangle proximate drivers of predator-prey population dynamics and to improve our understanding of predator-mediated interactions in natural communities.

scholarly journals MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF THE PREDATOR- PREY COMMUNITY WITH THE PREY AGE STRUCTURE AND THE WITHDRAWAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
O.L. Revutskaya
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Discrete Time Model ◽  
Interacting Species

The paper studies the dynamic modes of the predator-prey community discrete-time model taking into account the prey age structure and the withdrawal. The investigated system is a modification of the Nicholson-Bailey model. The author has considered the cases of withdrawal from the prey younger or older age class, or from the prey population of two- age classes, or from the predator population. It is studied conditions of stable coexistence of interacting species and scenarios of the population size oscillatory modes occurrence.

scholarly journals Existence of limit cycles in a predator-prey system with a functional response

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
Basem S. Attili
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Limit Cycles ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Bifurcation Curve ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Uniqueness Of Limit Cycles ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

We consider the existence of limit cycles for a predator-prey system with a functional response. The system has two or more parameters that represent the intrinsic rate of the predator population. A necessary and sufficient condition for the uniqueness of limit cycles in this system is presented. Such result will usually lead to a bifurcation curve.

scholarly journals Global shifts in the phenological synchrony of species interactions over recent decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (20) ◽  
pp. 5211-5216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Kharouba ◽  
Johan Ehrlén ◽  
Andrew Gelman ◽  
Kjell Bolmgren ◽  
Jenica M. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Phenological Shifts

Phenological responses to climate change (e.g., earlier leaf-out or egg hatch date) are now well documented and clearly linked to rising temperatures in recent decades. Such shifts in the phenologies of interacting species may lead to shifts in their synchrony, with cascading community and ecosystem consequences. To date, single-system studies have provided no clear picture, either finding synchrony shifts may be extremely prevalent [Mayor SJ, et al. (2017) Sci Rep 7:1902] or relatively uncommon [Iler AM, et al. (2013) Glob Chang Biol 19:2348–2359], suggesting that shifts toward asynchrony may be infrequent. A meta-analytic approach would provide insights into global trends and how they are linked to climate change. We compared phenological shifts among pairwise species interactions (e.g., predator–prey) using published long-term time-series data of phenological events from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems across four continents since 1951 to determine whether recent climate change has led to overall shifts in synchrony. We show that the relative timing of key life cycle events of interacting species has changed significantly over the past 35 years. Further, by comparing the period before major climate change (pre-1980s) and after, we show that estimated changes in phenology and synchrony are greater in recent decades. However, there has been no consistent trend in the direction of these changes. Our findings show that there have been shifts in the timing of interacting species in recent decades; the next challenges are to improve our ability to predict the direction of change and understand the full consequences for communities and ecosystems.

Transformation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Esler ◽  
Anna L. Jacobsen ◽  
R. Brandon Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Drivers Of Change ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Habitat Conversion ◽  
Residential Use

Extensive habitat loss and habitat conversion has occurred across all mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions, driven by increasing human populations who have converted large tracts of land to production, transport, and residential use (land-use, land-cover change) while simultaneously introducing novel forms of disturbance to natural landscapes. Remaining habitat, often fragmented and in isolated or remote (mountainous) areas, is threatened and degraded by altered fire regimes, introduction of invasive species, nutrient enrichment, and climate change. The types and impacts of these threats vary across MTC regions, but overall these drivers of change show little signs of abatement and many have the potential to interact with MTC region natural systems in complex ways.

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