The Ambivalent Triumph of Optimism

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Hardin
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Preceding Paragraph ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

To increase—even to live—human populations require exploitable resources. Concern for the future of our children makes us wonder how long resources will last. Attitudes toward conservation depend largely on information furnished by the press, radio, and television. How good is this information? Mostly it is not very good. We don't have to probe the shoddier representatives of the press to illustrate the fine art of warping attitudes. A single example from a quality source will do. How much petroleum is there in the world? This is not a simple question. Do we want to know the total amount of petroleum resources, both discovered and undiscovered? This is obviously debatable. A more useful base on which to lay plans for the near future is what is called proved reserves, which is defined as the supply "that can be economically produced with current technology at today's prices." Before proceeding further it would be well to call attention to the confusibility of the terms resources and reserves. A creative writer who turned out a novel in which the two principal characters were named Jean Robinson and Jan Robertson would be criticized for causing needless confusion. Unfortunately the analysts of the real world frequently burden the public with terms that, though definitively different, scarcely differ to the eye and ear. Such are resources and reserves. These terms have been used for so long that they can hardly be jettisoned now. When a feeling of imminent confusion sweeps over the reader, he is urged to review the definitions in the preceding paragraph. Even for reserves there is no precise and stable figure. A new technology may lower the cost of taking oil out of the ground. A rise in price will cause the ledger entry for some underground oil to be moved from the category of economically unrecoverable to that of economically recoverable. The scarcity that causes the price to rise "brings oil out of the ground," in the words of optimistic economists. Scarcity, in the mind of some economists, creates more oil. (Geologists know better.) The price of oil is very sensitive to proved reserves, but decidedly insensitive to estimates of ultimate resources.

The Economics of Cloud Computing

2015 ◽  
pp. 2135-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Etro
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Job Reallocation ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the economic impact of the diffusion of a new technology as cloud computing. This will allow firms to rent computing power and storage from service providers, and to pay on demand, with a profound impact on the cost structure of all the industries, turning some of the fixed costs in marginal costs of production. Such a change will have a substantial impact on the incentives to create new business, and through this, on: investments and macroeconomic growth, job creation in all industries and job reallocation in the ICT sector, and public finance accounts, through the direct impact on the public sector spending and the indirect one on the tax revenues. In this study, the author investigates the consequences of the diffusion of cloud computing on market structures and competition and tries to disentangle the above mentioned aspects with a particular focus on a simulation run for the European economy.

The Economics of Cloud Computing

2012 ◽  
pp. 296-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Etro
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Job Reallocation ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the economic impact of the diffusion of a new technology as cloud computing. This will allow firms to rent computing power and storage from service providers, and to pay on demand, with a profound impact on the cost structure of all the industries, turning some of the fixed costs in marginal costs of production. Such a change will have a substantial impact on the incentives to create new business, and through this, on: investments and macroeconomic growth, job creation in all industries and job reallocation in the ICT sector, and public finance accounts, through the direct impact on the public sector spending and the indirect one on the tax revenues. In this study, the author investigates the consequences of the diffusion of cloud computing on market structures and competition and tries to disentangle the above mentioned aspects with a particular focus on a simulation run for the European economy.

scholarly journals Improvement of the legal and regulatory framework for accounting in non-material production sector

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Zenovii-Mykhailo Zadorozhnyi ◽  
Valentyna Yasyshena
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Material Production ◽  
New Information ◽  
Engineering Work ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. The reforming of accounting in Ukraine, that is taking place in conformity with demands of European and international institutions, requires amendments and additions to the legal and regulatory framework for accounting in public enterprises. Particular attention should be paid to the regulatory framework for accounting expenditures in such enterprises. Therefore, this issue, which is currently of great importance, has to be examined. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify areas of improvements relative to planning, accounting, and cost accounting of research and development as well as engineering projects performed by entities of the public sector. Methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of metaphysical and general methods of research. The historical and logical methods are used for describing development stages of non-material production sector and intangible assets. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and grouping are chosen to examine the investment climate in Ukraine compared other countries. Analysis and statistical methods are applied to highlight the current state and growth of research and technology, and to describe the outcomes of scientific and technological activities in Ukraine. The methods of comparison, analysis, induction and deduction are used to provide a rationale for improving the draft of the Model provision for the planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work. Results. The article claims that non-material production plays a significant role in the world economy. Its growth means that information, skills, and knowledge and skills have become a primary factor of production in the today’s society. The authors have established the fact that business entities interested in obtaining new knowledge, new technology and new information, have more competitive advantages. In terms of the promotion of science, innovations, research and development, Ukraine is experiencing an ambivalent situation or even undergoing a crisis. It is noted that the global innovation index (hereinafter – the GII) of Ukraine went up until 2017, yet the research and development intensity of GDP was critically low compared with the EU countries. The authors emphasize that efforts aimed at promoting research and development should be made in the following areas: development and improvement of the legal framework, effective financing, R&D personnel retention and promotion, etc. Particular attention is paid to the issue of improving the draft of the Model Provision for planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work (hereinafter – the Model provision) No. 830 of 20 July 1996 approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In order to implement the Model Provision, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine initiated the establishment of a working group for developing a new draft of the legal act. Discussion. Further efforts should be made to improve research activities in Ukraine in various ways, particularly in financing research and development and engineering activities, and personnel retention and promotion. Today, knowledge and skills play a crucial role as a key strategic resource of any company. Businesses and countries gaining new knowledge, new technology and new information have more competitive advantages in the modern society. The authors suggest taking steps to ensure the effective planning, accounting and cost calculation of research and development and engineering work in the public sector entities, and an in-depth study of the issue. These efforts will help to harmonize terminology and to achieve consistency with the existing legislation, and thus will lead to making sound managerial decisions. Improving the draft of the Model Provision for the planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work will make it possible to work with foreign investors and take into consideration international accounting standards. All of these steps will help to launch new high-tech and IT technology that is intangible.

scholarly journals Facing the Indonesian Media Conglomeration: Action of Preservation on Political Interest

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Media Ownership ◽  
Broadcast Media ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Society ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Mind

After 1999, Indonesia's Media became grown up. It is the implication of the fallen of the authoritarian regime, Suharto. The growth has another side effect about trends of media conglomeration. Indonesian Media Conglomerate such as Tanoesoedibjo, Tandjung, Paloh and Bakrie also have the background as a politician. Mass media are an efficient tool to change the mind of people.  Mass society theory makes several basic assumptions about individuals, the role of media, and the nature of social change. Media owner used their media for preserving his political influences. Facing this situation, Indonesian regulation about media ownership ignored by media owners. They used their power in the political area to get away from the regulation. Whereas, in Indonesian Law Number 32, issued on 2002 about Broadcasting Media, Especially on Chapter 36 verse 4 states, "broadcast content must be maintained neutrality and should not put the interests of a group". Many complain from the media audience, but no action from the government. The regulator doesn't enforce the law, especially at Broadcast Media. Most of the press uses the public sphere, who design for democratisation process, not for individual or political party's interest. Keywords: media conglomeration, Indonesia, Politics

The Power of Ideas

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pool
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Multiple Signals ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
History Books

When Edison introduced his new-fangled electric-lighting system, he found a receptive audience. The public, the press, and even his competitors— with the possible exception of the gaslight industry—recognized that here was a technology of the future. Alexander Graham Bell, on the other hand, had a tougher time. In 1876, just three years before Edison would create a practical light bulb, Bell’s invention of the telephone fell flat. “A toy,” his detractors huffed. What good was it? The telegraph already handled communications quite nicely, thank you, and sensible inventors should be trying to lower the cost and improve the quality of telegraphy. Indeed, that’s just what one of Bell’s rivals, Elisha Gray, did—to his everlasting regret. Gray had come up with a nearly identical telephone some months before Bell, but he had not patented it. Instead, he had turned his attention back to the telegraph, searching for a way to carry multiple signals over one line. When Gray eventually did make it to the patent office with his telephone application, he was two hours behind Bell. Those two hours would cost him a place in the history books and one of the most lucrative patents of all time. Some months later, Bell offered his patent to the telegraph giant Western Union for a pittance—$100,000—but company officials turned him down. The telephone, they thought, had no future. It wasn’t until the next year, when Bell had gotten financing to develop his creation on his own, that Western Union began to have second thoughts. Then the company approached Thomas Edison to come up with a similar machine that worked on a different principle so that it could sidestep the Bell patent and create its own telephone. Eventually, the competitors combined their patents to create the first truly adequate telephones, and the phone industry took off. By 1880 there were 48,000 phones in use, and a decade later nearly five times that. More recently, when high-temperature superconductors were first created in 1986, the experts seemed to be competing among themselves to forecast the brightest future for the superconductor industry.

scholarly journals Malaysian Challenges

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Tierney ◽  
M. Sirat
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Postsecondary Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ministry Of Higher Education ◽  
The Brain

Malaysian tertiary education is a microcosm of the trends and challenges facing all of postsecondary education throughout the world. Privatization is increasing in the public sector. New providers have entered the Malaysian tertiary market. International rankings are a preoccupation of the government and research universities. The cost of education concerns parents, students, and the government. Whether the Ministry of Higher Education should continue to “steer from a distance” the nation's public postsecondary institutions or develop a more decentralized plan is being debated. How to stop the brain drain of talented Malaysian faculty, capitalize on the brain gain, serve the rising number of students who desire a postsecondary education, and provide jobs for an increasingly educated citizenry are issues being debated actively in the press and on the streets.

A comparison of the cost of research in South Africa's public research and higher education institutions

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Walwyn
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Annual Salary ◽  
Research Sector ◽  
Salary Survey ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Comparative Information

Despite the importance of labour and overhead costs to both funders and performers of research in South Africa, there is little published information on the remuneration structures for researchers, technician and research support staff. Moreover, there are widely different pricing practices and perceptions within the public research and higher education institutions, which in some cases do not reflect the underlying costs to the institution or the inherent value of the research. In this article, data from the 2004/5 Research and Development Survey have been used to generate comparative information on the cost of research in various performance sectors. It is shown that this cost is lowest in the higher education institutions, and highest in the business sector, although the differences in direct labour and overheads are not as large as may have been expected. The calculated cost of research is then compared with the gazetted rates for engineers, scientists and auditors performing work on behalf of the public sector, which in all cases are higher than the research sector. This analysis emphasizes the need within the public research and higher education institutions for the development of a common pricing policy and for an annual salary survey, in order to dispel some of the myths around the relative costs of research, the relative levels of overhead ratios and the apparent disparity in remuneration levels.

The Internet Trap

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hindman
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attention Economy ◽  
Digital News ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.

Analisis Penerapan Kode Etik Jurnalistik Pada Pemberitaan Pemindahan Ibu Kota Indonesia di Liputan6.com

Koneksi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Wiwin Fitriyani ◽  
Ahmad Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Freedom Of The Press ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
The Public ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Right ◽  
Included Article

Freedom of the Press is the right to express, disseminate ideas, organize, and so forth. Freedom of the Press is based on the provisions made by the Press Council called the Journalistic Code of Ethics. The Journalistic Code of Ethics is the professional ethics of journalists. As the party that disseminates information to the public, journalists need to practice the provisions of the Journalistic Code of Ethics which consists of 11 articles, because various news reports that journalists report should have an impact on society. Then, one of the news that received more attention from the public, namely regarding the relocation of the Indonesian capital. At that time, the news received various responses from various parties. Therefore, various media are aggressively producing news related to this, such as Liputan6.com. In this study, the Journalistic Code of Ethics analyzed with the news included article 1, 2, and 3. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the Journalistic Code of Ethics in reporting the removal of the Indonesian Capital City on Liputan6.com. Theories used include news reporting and the Journalistic Code of Ethics. Then, for the research method used, namely quantitative content analysis using coding sheets to process, and analyze the data. The results of this study indicate Liputan6.com has implemented a Journalistic Code of Ethics, although of the 55 news samples there are still 19 news that do not meet the element of balance.Kebebasan pers merupakan hak untuk berekspresi, menyebarluaskan gagasan, dan berorganisasi. Kebebasan pers dilandasi oleh ketentuan yang dibuat Dewan Pers yang disebut Kode Etik Jurnalistik. Kode Etik Jurnalistik adalah etika profesi wartawan. Sebagai pihak yang menyebarkan informasi kepada khalayak, jurnalis perlu mempraktikan ketentuan Kode Etik Jurnalistik yang terdiri dari 11 pasal. Hal ini karena berbagai berita yang jurnalis laporkan akan memberi dampak pada masyarakat. Salah satu pemberitaan yang mendapatkan perhatian lebih dari masyarakat, yaitu mengenai pemindahan ibu kota Indonesia. Pada saat itu, kabar tersebut mendapatkan berbagai respon dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, berbagai media gencar dalam memproduksi berita terkait hal tersebut, salahsatunya Liputan6.com. Pada penelitian ini, Kode Etik Jurnalistik yang dianalisis dengan pemberitaan tersebut, antara lain pasal 1, 2, dan 3. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui penerapan Kode Etik Jurnalistik pada pemberitaan pemindahan Ibu Kota Indonesia di Liputan6.com. Teori yang digunakan diantaranya pemberitaan, dan Kode Etik Jurnalistik. Metode penelitian yang dipakai yakni analisis isi kuantitatif dengan memakai lembar codinguntuk mengolah, dan menganalisis datanya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan Liputan6.com sudah menerapkan Kode Etik Jurnalistik, meskipun dari 55 sampel berita masih terdapat 19 berita yang tidak memenuhi unsur keberimbangan.

How to Tell the Truth without Outraging the Press?

MedienJournal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Li Xiguang
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Public ◽  
News Stories ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chinese News Media

The commercialization of meclia in China has cultivated a new journalism business model characterized with scandalization, sensationalization, exaggeration, oversimplification, highly opinionated news stories, one-sidedly reporting, fabrication and hate reporting, which have clone more harm than good to the public affairs. Today the Chinese journalists are more prey to the manipu/ation of the emotions of the audiences than being a faithful messenger for the public. Une/er such a media environment, in case of news events, particularly, during crisis, it is not the media being scared by the government. but the media itself is scaring the government into silence. The Chinese news media have grown so negative and so cynica/ that it has produced growing popular clistrust of the government and the government officials. Entering a freer but fearful commercially mediated society, the Chinese government is totally tmprepared in engaging the Chinese press effectively and has lost its ability for setting public agenda and shaping public opinions. 

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