The Power of Ideas

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pool
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Multiple Signals ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
History Books

When Edison introduced his new-fangled electric-lighting system, he found a receptive audience. The public, the press, and even his competitors— with the possible exception of the gaslight industry—recognized that here was a technology of the future. Alexander Graham Bell, on the other hand, had a tougher time. In 1876, just three years before Edison would create a practical light bulb, Bell’s invention of the telephone fell flat. “A toy,” his detractors huffed. What good was it? The telegraph already handled communications quite nicely, thank you, and sensible inventors should be trying to lower the cost and improve the quality of telegraphy. Indeed, that’s just what one of Bell’s rivals, Elisha Gray, did—to his everlasting regret. Gray had come up with a nearly identical telephone some months before Bell, but he had not patented it. Instead, he had turned his attention back to the telegraph, searching for a way to carry multiple signals over one line. When Gray eventually did make it to the patent office with his telephone application, he was two hours behind Bell. Those two hours would cost him a place in the history books and one of the most lucrative patents of all time. Some months later, Bell offered his patent to the telegraph giant Western Union for a pittance—$100,000—but company officials turned him down. The telephone, they thought, had no future. It wasn’t until the next year, when Bell had gotten financing to develop his creation on his own, that Western Union began to have second thoughts. Then the company approached Thomas Edison to come up with a similar machine that worked on a different principle so that it could sidestep the Bell patent and create its own telephone. Eventually, the competitors combined their patents to create the first truly adequate telephones, and the phone industry took off. By 1880 there were 48,000 phones in use, and a decade later nearly five times that. More recently, when high-temperature superconductors were first created in 1986, the experts seemed to be competing among themselves to forecast the brightest future for the superconductor industry.

Strategy for Protecting the North Sea: A Chemical Industry Perspective

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
J. R. Lawrence ◽  
N. C. D. Craig
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Seven Principles ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Cost

The public has ever-rising expectations for the environmental quality of the North Sea and hence of everreducing anthropogenic inputs; by implication society must be willing to accept the cost of reduced contamination. The chemical industry accepts that it has an important part to play in meeting these expectations, but it is essential that proper scientific consideration is given to the potential transfer of contamination from one medium to another before changes are made. A strategy for North Sea protection is put forward as a set of seven principles that must govern the management decisions that are made. Some areas of uncertainty are identified as important research targets. It is concluded that although there have been many improvements over the last two decades, there is more to be done. A systematic and less emotive approach is required to continue the improvement process.

scholarly journals La loi française du 11 juillet 1979 relative à la motivation des actes administratifs

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 961-984
Author(s):  
Georges Péquignot
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
General Application ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
Statutory Requirement ◽  
Unfavourable Effect ◽  
To Come ◽  
Made In

This paper summarizes the changes brought about in French administrative law by a law of 1979 imposing on administrative authorities a broad duty to give reasons for their decisions. Traditionally, the state of the law had been that, failing a specific statutory requirement, administrative authorities were under no obligation to provide reasons. This, however, had not prevented the Conseil d'État from reviewing administrative action — even of a clearly discretionary nature — for unlawfulness or impropriety of motives. The new law is aimed at improving communications between administrative authorities and the public. It reverses the former rule for three broad classes of decisions concerning individual cases : those having an unfavourable effect on rights and interests, those allowing for more favourable treatment than is provided under a rule of general application, and those made by social security and unemployment assistance agencies. Alleviation or disregard of the new rule is allowed in cases of emergency, where confidentiality or secrecy is required by law, or where, no decision being made in a prescribed time, a negative decision is deemed to have been rendered. Guidelines for the implementation of the new law have been issued by the Prime Minister to all Ministers; the latter have in turn issued more detailed instructions to decision-making officers in their departments. Further guidance will have to come from the administrative courts when they are called upon to review decisions for insufficiency or impropriety of reasons. Ultimately, however, achievement of the goal of improving the quality of intercourse between citizens and administrative authorities will require the development of a more open and trustful relationship between them.

scholarly journals Marginal cost of contextualizing stigma of zoonotic diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Hu ◽  
Zhangqiu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wrong Side ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Leading Journals ◽  
The Way

In the scientific sphere, understanding the way naming rules strengthen the integrity and quality of naming zoonotic diseases and viruses remains nominal rather than substantial. Arguably, the looming worry is that the public is susceptible to the stigmatized proper names like German measles in the leading journals. Our survey indicates that some stigmatizing names have always come at the cost of unintentional sociocultural impacts, despite their seemingly harmless origins. This study first unveils that terminological evolution of German measles is on the wrong side of history.

completed machine would almost certainly be less than half that of a completed machine of the same kind. How s1(3) operates has been the subject of a detailed and critical analysis by Robert Goff J in the case of BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2), the defendant was granted a concession to explore for oil in Libya. He did not have the physical resources to carry out the exploration himself, so he sold a half share in the concession to BP, on condition that they would bear the initial cost of exploration. Accordingly, under this arrangement, BP’s expenses at the outset were likely to be very substantial, but on the assumption that oil was discovered, that expenditure would be recouped as oil continued to come on stream. The nature of the contract was that should oil not be discovered, the risk would be borne by BP, but, on the assumption that oil was discovered, BP’s expenses would be paid for out of the defendant’s receipts. Oil was discovered in 1967, but in 1971, the Libyan Government expropriated BP’s share of the concession and, in 1973, the defendant’s share was also expropriated. Accordingly, BP had received some payment, but this went only so far as to cover two-thirds of their initial expenditure. On the other hand, since the defendant had no expenses, all moneys received by him amounted to profit once the concession had been paid for. Goff J adopted a two stage approach to s1(3), stating that it was necessary first to identify and value what benefit had been conferred on the defendant, since on the wording of s1(3), this set a ceiling on the amount which could be awarded by way of a just sum. Secondly, it was necessary to award a just sum, taking account of the value of the benefit conferred and the cost to the performer of the work he had done prior to the frustrating event. For these purposes, the benefit to the defendant will be assessed by reference to the end product of the service provided by the other party: BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783, p 799

1995 ◽  
pp. 388-392
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

¡A La Huelga! Secondary Students, School Strikes, and the Power of Educational Activism in 1970s Nicaragua

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-631
Author(s):  
Claudia Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Democratic Schools ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Press ◽  
To Come ◽  
Student Demands

ABSTRACTThe year 1976 was a violent one in Nicaragua. In an effort to quash the Sandinista guerrillas, the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle had declared a state of siege, suspending constitutional guarantees, muzzling the press, and unleashing the Guardia Nacional. Despite the dangers of dissent, thousands of students across the country walked off their secondary school campuses that year to protest poor funding, inept teachers, and oppressive administrators. This article examines this series of strikes to uncover the ways in which teenagers managed to organize their schools and communities in spite of the repression that marked the final years of the Somoza regime. Analyzing student documents, Ministry of Education records, and newspaper reports, this article argues that in the context of a decades-long dictatorship, student demands for more democratic schools opened a relatively safe pathway for cross-generational activism that forced concessions from the Somoza regime. By the 1970s, secondary schools had come to reflect the state's authoritarianism and mismanagement, and widespread educational deficiencies brought students and parents together in a joint project to demand better schools. Battles over the quality of education, thus, showcased the power of an organized citizenry and laid the groundwork for the revolutionary mobilizations that were to come.

scholarly journals Methods of habitat reports’ evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Harasymiuk ◽  
Elżbieta Hanna Szafranko ◽  
Jan Tyburski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Cost

AbstractA building investment, especially in nature valuable areas, is almost always inseparable with a bigger or smaller environmental interference. For a few years there are legal regulations created to protect these areas. One of them is the requirement to conduct a habitat evaluation and to prepare a habitat report if there is a indication of significant impact on the Natura 200 site. The quality of such a report is crucial for completion an investment in a chosen localisation as well as for shortening a preparation stage with respect to environmental requirements. A defective report can result in a agreement refusal of investment completion conditions of an investment by an authorised body, and can be a reason for protests of a community which is affected by the planned investment. A well-made report, on the other hand, results in a smooth acceptance of the project without the need for consultation of the investor with the proceeding body and saving the cost of correction of a defective documentation. An review of the literature done by the authors and the talks carried out with the staff making an assessment of reports of an impact on Natura 2000 sites showed the lack of common use in practise of a formalised set of criteria of evaluation of such documents. The aim of the study was to prepare a set of evaluation criteria for reports on environmental impact on Natura 2000 sites. The set was tested on already made reports and it showed their basic omissions and disparities. The set prepared can be used by an investor in the course of making a report. It can be also a useful tool for a verifying clerk while evaluating a report for its completeness and adequacy. On the basis of the prepared set of evaluation criteria, a procedure was proposed allowing an impartial verification of reports. As a result of analyses made, a procedure was worked out which is presented in the diagram concluding this paper.

Assessment of the condition of public transport stop infrastructure. Case study: Poznań’s district Łazarz

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
Łukasz Koperski ◽  
Paweł Zmuda-Trzebiatowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Basic Equipment

The paper addresses the issue of assessing the condition of the public transport stops infrastructure in urban areas. A set of eight criteria was used for the assessment. The first six criteria assess the occurrence of certain infrastructure elements categorized as: basic equipment; additional equipment; passenger information system; equipment increasing accessibility for people with disabilities; as well as equipment increasing security and safety. The other two criteria reflect the subjective assessment of the degree of destruction and visual quality of the stop. The method was used to assess 68 stops located in Poznań’s district Łazarz.

scholarly journals Conditions for the functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regulated Competition

The public urban transport market takes the form of a natural monopoly. In some cases, especially in the situation of supply of a relatively large volume of operation work, the implementation of competitive solutions may result in: improving the quality of services or reducing the cost of vehicle-kilometers. The purpose of the article is to present the determinants of functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland. The conducted analysis focuses on the issue of market openness and access to participation in competitive procedures of private operators. The research covered urban transport markets in cities over 200.000 inhabitants and their characteristics in the scope of: the model of public transport organization (with particular emphasis on the level of opening of markets), the level of competition on the operator market and the method of selecting operators. On the basis of the conducted research, the scope of applying pro-competitive solutions in the scope of contracting services by the largest organizers of public urban transport in Poland was characterized.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Kewirausahaan Bidang Pariwisata di Desa Cadas Ngampar Sentul

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Imam Ardiansyah ◽  
Sofiani Sofiani ◽  
Yudhiet Fajar Dewantara ◽  
Stephanie Rosanto ◽  
Vivian Octariana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Village

ABSTRAK Penerapan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) oleh pemerintah  Indonesia berdampak besar terhadap penurunan kegiatan ekonomi di masyarakat.Hal tersebut memberikan pengaruh kepada sejumlah pengusaha terpaksa membuat keputusan dengan menutup usahanya dan sebagian karyawannya dirumahkan atau melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja karena beban operasional yang tetap berjalan, seperti biaya sewa tempat, listrik, maupun gaji karyawan sementara tidak ada pemasukan. Bagi pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang besar, kemungkinan masih bisa bertahan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan. Namun lain halnya bila pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang relatif kecil atau pas-pasan. Tentu menjadi pekerjaan rumah yang tidak mudah untuk bertahan. UMKM merupakan salah satu sector yang terimbas dari adanya Pemabatasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Universitas Bunda Mulia melalui program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini, membantu para penggiat UMKM di Desa Cadas Ngampar untuk dapat bangkit dan berinovasi dalam menjalankan usahanya. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih kemampuan berwirausaha masyarakat di desa cadas ngampar.  Beberapa paparan materi yang disampaikan dalam PKM ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas UMKM warga lokal dan meningkatkan lagi perekonomian di Desa Cadas Ngampar. Setelah melakukan penyuluhan dengan pemaparan materi dari masing-masing dosen maka hasil yang di dapatkan berdasarkan intensitas tanya jawab yang muncul, kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman serta keterampilan peserta dalam kewirausahaan, dapat mengetahui manfaat-manfaat dari materi yang disampaikan, dan adanya tambahan motivasi dalam berwirausaha. Kata Kunci: Kewirausahaan, Pemasaran, Higiene dan Sanitasi ABSTRACTThe implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy by the Indonesian government has had a major impact on the decline in economic activity in the community. This has affected a number of entrepreneurs who were forced to make decisions by closing their businesses and some of their employees being laid off or terminating their employment due to ongoing operational expenses, such as the cost of renting a place, electricity, or employee salary while there is no income. For entrepreneurs who have a large capital, chances are they can survive for some time to come. However, it is different if the entrepreneur has a relatively small or mediocre capital. Of course, being homework that is not easy to survive. MSMEs are one of the sectors affected by these restrictions. Therefore, Universitas Bunda Mulia through this Community Service (PKM) program, helps MSME activists in Cadas Ngampar Village to be able to rise and innovate in running their business. The purpose of this community service activity is to train community entrepreneurship skills in the village of rock ngampar. Some of the material presentations presented in this PKM are expected to improve the quality of local MSMEs and improve the economy in Cadas Ngampar Village. After conducting counseling with material presentation from each lecturer, the results obtained were based on the intensity of the questions and answers that emerged, this service activity was an increase in the knowledge and understanding, and skills of participants in entrepreneurship, being able to find out the benefits of the material presented, and additional motivation in entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Hygiene and SanitationABSTRAK Penerapan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) oleh pemerintah  Indonesia berdampak besar terhadap penurunan kegiatan ekonomi di masyarakat.Hal tersebut memberikan pengaruh kepada sejumlah pengusaha terpaksa membuat keputusan dengan menutup usahanya dan sebagian karyawannya dirumahkan atau melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja karena beban operasional yang tetap berjalan, seperti biaya sewa tempat, listrik, maupun gaji karyawan sementara tidak ada pemasukan. Bagi pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang besar, kemungkinan masih bisa bertahan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan. Namun lain halnya bila pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang relatif kecil atau pas-pasan. Tentu menjadi pekerjaan rumah yang tidak mudah untuk bertahan. UMKM merupakan salah satu sector yang terimbas dari adanya Pemabatasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Universitas Bunda Mulia melalui program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini, membantu para penggiat UMKM di Desa Cadas Ngampar untuk dapat bangkit dan berinovasi dalam menjalankan usahanya. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih kemampuan berwirausaha masyarakat di desa cadas ngampar.  Beberapa paparan materi yang disampaikan dalam PKM ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas UMKM warga lokal dan meningkatkan lagi perekonomian di Desa Cadas Ngampar. Setelah melakukan penyuluhan dengan pemaparan materi dari masing-masing dosen maka hasil yang di dapatkan berdasarkan intensitas tanya jawab yang muncul, kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman serta keterampilan peserta dalam kewirausahaan, dapat mengetahui manfaat-manfaat dari materi yang disampaikan, dan adanya tambahan motivasi dalam berwirausaha. Kata Kunci: Kewirausahaan, Pemasaran, Higiene dan Sanitasi ABSTRACTThe implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy by the Indonesian government has had a major impact on the decline in economic activity in the community. This has affected a number of entrepreneurs who were forced to make decisions by closing their businesses and some of their employees being laid off or terminating their employment due to ongoing operational expenses, such as the cost of renting a place, electricity, or employee salary while there is no income. For entrepreneurs who have large capital, chances are they can survive for some time to come. However, it is different if the entrepreneur has a relatively small or mediocre capital. Of course, being a homework that is not easy to survive. MSMEs are one of the sectors affected by these restrictions. Therefore, Universitas Bunda Mulia through this Community Service (PKM) program, helps MSME activists in Cadas Ngampar Village to be able to rise and innovate in running their business. The purpose of this community service activity is to train community entrepreneurship skills in the village of rock ngampar. Some of the material presentations presented in this PKM are expected to improve the quality of local MSMEs and improve the economy in Cadas Ngampar Village. After conducting counseling with material presentation from each lecturer, the results obtained were based on the intensity of the questions and answers that emerged, this service activity was an increase in the knowledge and understanding and skills of participants in entrepreneurship, being able to find out the benefits of the material presented, and additional motivation in entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Hygiene and Sanitation

scholarly journals International project Communicating town

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Miroslav Foret ◽  
V. Foretová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Project ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Given ◽  
Opinion Polls

The main objectives of the project Communicating Town is to assist in an improvement of mutual relationships and communication between the council and the public. The use of opinion polls provide an opportunity for the silent majority of citizens to voice their views. The standardised interviews make it possible to get the respondents involved in communication activities. Each questionnaire had two parts; the first sought opinions on questions asked by the council in the given town and the other part was common to all the towns involved and allowed us to compare and make general conclusions. The results were presented in the press. During 1995–2000 nearly fifty towns in the Czech Republic and Slovakia participated in the project Communicating Town. The ten years of study within the framework of the project have demonstrated that this project can provide valuable contributions to many aspects of council and town policies. With each year, further towns have shown an interest in involvement in the project. The results from Brno, Loštice and Zlín, i.e., towns where opinion surveys were repeated at intervals of between one and four years, indicate that the relationships between citizens and the council have improved.

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