Distillation-based Separation Systems Synthesis

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christodoulos A. Floudas
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Optimal Configuration ◽  
Synthesis Problem ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Distillation Columns ◽  
Separation Systems ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Separation Sequence ◽  
The Cost

This chapter presents two applications of MINLP methods in the area of separations. Section 9.1 provides an overall introduction to the synthesis of separation systems. Section 9.2 focuses on sharp heat-integrated distillation sequencing. Section 9.3 presents an application of nonsharp separation synthesis. The synthesis of distillation-based separation sequences has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the area of process synthesis. This is attributed to the significant contribution of separation processes to the total capital investment and operating expenses of a chemical plant. As a result, a lot of interest has been generated in the development of systematic approaches that select optimal sequences of distillation columns. Westerberg (1985) provided a comprehensive review of the distillation-based separation synthesis approaches, as well as presented a classification of different types of separation problems along with their associated challenges. Nishida et al. (1981) and Smith and Linnhoff (1988) reviewed the general separation synthesis problem (i.e., not only distillation-based) and presented the progress made. To illustrate the nature of the distillation-based separation system synthesis problem, let us consider its generic definition shown in Figure 9.1, which is as follows: . . . Given a number of input multicomponent streams which have specified amounts for each component, create a cost-optimal configuration of distillation columns, mixers, and splitters that produces a number of multicomponent products with specified composition of their components. . . The products feature components that exist in the input streams and can be obtained by redistributing the components existing in the input streams, while the cost-optimal configuration corresponds to the least total annual cost one. Most of distillation columns or sequences can be classified as (i) Sharp, (ii) Nonsharp, (iii) Simple, (iv) Complex, (v) Heat-integrated, and (vi) Thermally coupled. In (i), a column separates its feed into products without overlap in the components. An example is the separation of a stream consisting of four components A, B, (C, and D via a distillation column, into one product consisting of only A and another product featuring B, C, and D. If all columns are sharp, then the separation sequence is termed as sharp sequence.

scholarly journals Rigorous modelling and optimization of hybrid separation processes based on pervaporation

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1124-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Koczka ◽  
Peter Mizsey ◽  
Zsolt Fonyo
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Method ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Distillation Columns ◽  
Membrane Technologies ◽  
Hybrid Separation Processes ◽  
Heteroazeotropic Distillation

AbstractHybrid separation processes are becoming more and more important in the practice if membrane technologies are also involved. In this work, a systematic investigation is completed for three sequence alternatives of distillation and pervaporation. These are the following: pervaporation followed with distillation (PV+D), distillation followed with pervaporation (D+PV), two distillation columns and a pervaporation unit between them (D+PV+D). The hybrid separation process alternatives are evaluated with rigorous modelling tools, but first, a rigorous simulation algorithm is determined for the pervaporation. The three hybrid separation processes are rigorously modelled with CHEMCAD, and optimized with the dynamic programming optimization method for the case of the separation of ethanol-water mixture. The objective function is the total annual cost (TAC). The energy consumption is also investigated. The selection of the ethanol-water mixture has two motivations: (i) it is quite often studied and well known, and (ii) to make biofuel (ethanol) production more economical, membrane technologies might also be applied. The results are compared with each other and with the classical separation completed with heteroazeotropic distillation. The optimized TAC shows that the distillation column followed with pervaporation is the most economical hybrid separation process alternative. Its TAC is about 66% of that of the classical separation.

The Myths, Facts, and Theories of Ethnic, Small-Scale Enterprise Financing

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin M. Chen ◽  
John A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Minority Business ◽  
Black Business ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment ◽  
Minority Business Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sources Of Capital

This article combines the results of three financial studies that examine capital issues affecting minority business development. The results are presented so as to explain or refute conventional wisdom regarding capital availability, cost of capital, credit market discrimination, sources of capital and differences in firm capital composition. Generally, Asian and Hispanic businesses more approximate nonminority businesses in the sources of capital, the cost of capital, total capital investment, and access to capital. Black firms, on the other hand, face credit discrimination from all sources of capital, which limits their access to capital, increases its cost, and affects firm profitability. Consequently, black firms have a smaller capital composition at startup and during operations. The only deviation from this pattern occurs where minority and nonminority financial institutions vie for black business patronage by reducing the cost of borrowing and increasing the availability of funds.

Exergoeconomic analysis of renewable multi-generation system

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Vontas Alfenny Nahan ◽  
Audrius Bagdanavicius ◽  
Andrew McMullan
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Integrated Gasification ◽  
Exergoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Cost

In this study a new multi-generation system which generates power (electricity), thermal energy (heating and cooling) and ash for agricultural needs has been developed and analysed. The system consists of a Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) and an absorption chiller system. The system generates about 3.4 MW electricity, 4.9 MW of heat, 88 kW of cooling and 90 kg/h of ash. The multi-generation system has been modelled using Cycle Tempo and EES. Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of this system had been conducted and exergy costs have been calculated. The exergoeconomic study shows that gasifier, combustor, and Heat Recovery Steam Generator are the main components where the total cost rates are the highest. Exergoeconomic variables such as relative cost difference (r) and exergoeconomic factor (f) have also been calculated. Exergoeconomic factor of evaporator, combustor and condenser are 1.3%, 0.7% and 0.9%, respectively, which is considered very low, indicates that the capital cost rates are much lower than the exergy destruction cost rates. It implies that the improvement of these components could be achieved by increasing the capital investment. The exergy cost of electricity produced in the gas turbine and steam turbine is 0.1050 £/kWh and 0.1627 £/kWh, respectively. The cost of ash is 0.0031 £/kg. In some Asian countries, such as Indonesia, ash could be used as fertilizer for agriculture. Heat exergy cost is 0.0619 £/kWh for gasifier and 0.3972 £/kWh for condenser in the BIGCC system. In the AC system, the exergy cost of the heat in the condenser and absorber is about 0.2956 £/kWh and 0.5636 £/kWh, respectively. The exergy cost of cooling in the AC system is 0.4706 £/kWh. This study shows that exergoeconomic analysis is powerful tool for assessing the costs of products.

scholarly journals Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Conde-Mejía ◽  
Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Ethanol Dehydration ◽  
Purification Step ◽  
Silica Membrane ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Vapor Permeation ◽  
Type Zeolite

AbstractAfter the biomass pretreatment and fermentation processes, the purification step constitutes a major task in bioethanol production processes. The use of membranes provides an interesting choice to achieve high-purity bioethanol. Membrane separation processes are generally characterized by low energy requirements, but a high capital investment. Some major design aspects for membrane processes and their application to the ethanol dehydration problem are addressed in this work. The analysis includes pervaporation and vapor permeation methods, and considers using two types of membranes, A-type zeolite and amorphous silica membrane. The results identify the best combination of membrane separation method and type of membrane needed for bioethanol purification.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF REPRODUCING TECHNICAL RESOURCES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR FUNCTIONING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Bobrovska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cost Characteristics

The specific character of reproducing and maintaining the quality and productivity of technical resources is considered from the point of view of their economic essence and economic behavior in the production process. The views of domestic and foreign scientists are analyzed regarding the subject-functional and monetary definition of the enterprises’ capital, а part of which is the cost of technical resources. Understanding the properties of technical resources as a part of the enterprise total capital allowed identifying the basic statements. The relationship between the reproduction of technical resources and their total value in the process of functioning, namely the turnover and transition of their monetary equivalent to the material equivalent and vice versa has been shown. The steps of movement of the technical resources monetary equivalent are presented and considered in three stages: formation of the stage, at which the enterprise money capital is transformed into technical resources; the stage of technical resources production use and that of resources conversion into monetary form in the process of which the relationship between the state of technical resources capabilities and their cost characteristics changes. The character of economic transformations in the process of movement is described; the method of creating and adding cash flow formed by technical resource, to the money capital of the enterprise is considered. It has been proposed to use a linear rate depreciation accounting, from the beginning of the technical resources acquisition and throughout useful life using of the capital discount rate, in order to prevent partial loss of value of the initial capital invested in technical resources. It has been shown that the use of technical resources is expedient until the value of the monetary product is equal to their discounted price. The research pursued showed that for timely innovative reproduction of technical resources as part of the enterprise capital cost, these resources must perform the main function – that of forming additional value (additional profit).

What Drives a Successful Technology Implementation?

2013 ◽  
pp. 340-357
Author(s):  
Kawal Kapoor ◽  
Yogesh K. Dwivedi ◽  
Michael D. Williams ◽  
Mohini Singh ◽  
Mark J. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Stock Management ◽  
Implementation Team ◽  
Public Sector Organizations ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is revolutionizing item identification and tracking. The technology demonstrates complexities in terms of (a) huge initial capital investment, (b) validating the need for RFID followed by its implementation decisions, (c) risks associated with consumer acceptance and consequences of incorrect implementation, and (d) capability to support enhancements and upgrades in cordial agreement with the individual implementer organizations. This paper explores the extent of RFID implementation at the Swansea University Library, examining the Social, Technological, Economic, and Managerial (STEM) aspects directly associated with implementation. A focused interview approach was resorted to, for data collection purposes. The core implementation team for RFID at Swansea University was interviewed to gain insights into the study’s areas of interest. It was found that self service is the most sought after benefit. It simplifies stock management and enhances security at the libraries. Although the cost of the system remains a concern, varying on the basis of the scale of implementation, vandalism also continues to exist but to a reduced degree. University libraries are public sector organizations, consequently leading these findings to have an insinuation for RFID implementations in other public sector organizations as well.

Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity in Abandoned Underground Coal Mines

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dacheng Shang ◽  
Peng Pei ◽  
Yujun Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Pumped Storage ◽  
Geological Constraints ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cycle Efficiency

Abstract It is anticipated that utilizing the underground space in abandoned mines to build and operate pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) plants can reduce capital investment and geological constraints. However, there are currently few detailed investigations into techno-economic feasibility except for conceptual studies. In this paper, an underground coal mine in Guizhou, China was used as a reference, and the PSH layout was designed; in addition, the head loss, plant efficiency, and major cost components were investigated. The calculation results show that the capital investment of mine-based PSH was 33–50% less than that of conventional PSH. Sensitivity analysis found a clear influence of coal seam inclination on the performance of the mine-based PSH. Under the assumed conditions, the plant cycle efficiency increased from 62.7% to 71.5% when the coal seam dip varied from 5 deg to 25 deg. Depending on different price scenarios, when the coal seam inclination was steep enough, the cost of energy storage of a mine-based PSH plant was competitive compared with conventional PSH, and the plant could even become profitable. The influence of the dip of coal seam was more pronounced when in the lower range (5–15 deg) than the higher range (15–25 deg).

scholarly journals COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE OS TRATAMENTOS COM TANASE E COM GELATINA PARA CLARIFICAÇÃO DO SUCO DE CAJU ( Anacardium occidentale L.)

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SONIA COURI ◽  
LUCIANE FERREIRA DE MENEZES ◽  
GUSTAVO ADOLFO SAAVEDRA PINTO ◽  
MARIA DE LOURDES M. SOUZA ◽  
SUELY PEREIRA FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Cashew Apple Juice ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannin ◽  
Juice Clarification ◽  
Cashew Apple ◽  
The Cost

Comparou-se o tratamento da polpa do caju com tanase e com gelatina, visando à redução da turbidez e do teor de taninos. Os resultados indicaram que a redução das concentrações de taninos totais, hidrolisáveis, proantocianidinas e turbidez ficaram em 39%, 50%, 32% e 94% para sucos tratados com gelatina e 46%, 88%, 2% e 88% para a polpa tratada com tanase, respectivamente. Deste modo, o tratamento com gelatina foi eficiente para remoção de proantocianidinas, enquanto que o tratamento enzimático foi mais eficiente na redução de taninos hidrolisáveis. Os produtos obtidos não apresentaram diferenças visuais. Estudo comparativo de pré-viabilidade econômica mostrou que o investimento de capital para obtenção do suco de caju clarificado com enzima é menor que para o suco clarificado com gelatina. Entretanto, o custo de produção do suco de caju clarificado com gelatina é menor devido ao preço elevado da enzima tanase. COMPARISION OF THE CASHEW APPLE (Anacardium occidentale L.) JUICE CLARIFICATION WITH TANNASE AND GELATIN Abstract Tannase and gelatin were compared for treatment of cashew apple pulp aiming to reduce turbidity and tannin content. The results indicated that the decrease in concentrations of total tannin, hydrolysable tannin, proanthocyanidin, and turbidity was 39%, 50%, 32% and 94% for juices treated with gelatin and 46%, 88%, 2% and 88% for pulp treated with tannase, respectively. In this way the treatment with gelatin was more efficient to remove proanthocyanidin, whereas enzymatic ones was better for hydrolysable tannin decrease. The obtained products didn’t present visual differences. The comparative economic analysis for the cashew-apple juice production showed that the capital investment for the enzymatic clarification is lower than for the conventional clarification process, using gelatin. Although, the cost of clarified cashew apple juice using gelatin is lower due to the high cost of the enzyme tannase.

Cost of antiretroviral treatment for HIV patients in two centres of North India

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Sharma ◽  
Shankar Prinja ◽  
Aman Sharma ◽  
Aditi Gupta ◽  
Sunil K Arora
Keyword(s):  
Care Delivery ◽  
North India ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Health System Cost ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

There is paucity of evidence on cost of antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivered through the public sector in India. Moreover, the Government of India is considering changing the criteria for introduction of ART to HIV patients, which is likely to have significant economic implications. In this paper, we assess the health system cost of ART services at two levels of health care delivery. Bottom-up costing was used to collect data on capital and recurrent resources consumed over a period of one year (April 2014–March 2015). Capital costs were annualized and shared costs apportioned to calculate annual and unit costs of providing ART care. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to measure the extent of uncertainty in input prices. The annual per capita cost of ART therapy was INR 48,975 (USD738) in the Centre of Excellence (COE) and INR 24,954 (USD376) in the ART centre. Drugs contributed around 70% and 65% of total annual cost, followed by human resource (19% each) and capital cost (7%; 12%) in COE and ART centres, respectively. These provide a comprehensive assessment of the cost of ART care in India. The study estimates could be used for planning of services, as well as undertaking further cost-effectiveness studies.

Hotel and Dependency Costs of Residents in Old People's Homes

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bleddyn Davies ◽  
Martin R. J. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Residential Care ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Average Unit ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Old People's Homes

AbstractA comparison of costs to the organization of alternative forms of care requires estimates for similar types of client. The degree of dependency is the main characteristic in which comparability is necessary with regard to services for the aged. This paper presents estimates of the costs incurred in providing residential care for clients of four degrees of incapacity for self-care – the capacity implicit in Bevan's residential hotel model of the old people's home, and three progressively more severe states of dependency. The estimates are for two cost concepts – average (unit) costs and marginal costs (the cost of caring for an additional person). The paper also estimates both long-run costs (costs that it is appropriate to take into account in decisions in which capital investment in new plant is being considered), and short-run costs (costs that it is appropriate to consider when the issue is the allocation of existing capacity between client groups). It also examines the consequences of the size of the home with regard to costs. Inter alia the paper shows:(a) that the size of home beyond which costs do not fall with scale provides for as many as fifty places (equivalent to an average daily census of forty-six residents); and(b) that, although the dependency components of costs are much smaller than the hotel components, dependency costs are large enough for it to be important to base comparisons of alternative forms of care on estimates of costs for clients which are comparable with respect to dependency.

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