Initial Assessment

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Macnab
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
New Information ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Existing Data

The previous chapters have outlined the various techniques for acquiring data on the continental shelf and adjacent areas. We now need to consider how to most effectively draw those various data sets together. This chapter describes a generic procedure for determining whether a coastal State is likely to be entitled to establish a continental shelf limit beyond 200 nautical miles (M), in order to circumscribe an area where it may exercise sovereign rights over natural resources of the seabed and subsoil. In most cases, this procedure will begin with the assembly and analysis of existing information, with the objectives of determining provisionally the outer limit of the continental shelf and of assessing the long-term economic potential of seabed resources beyond 200 M. If the analysis of available information is satisfactory in all respects and justifies such action, the coastal State may proceed directly to the preparation of a claim for submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. If, on the other hand, the result of the investigation is inconclusive or otherwise unsatisfactory on account of inaccurate or incomplete information, the coastal State may opt to acquire new information that enhances existing data holdings, and to repeat some or all of the analyses. The above steps are illustrated in the generic flow diagram of figure 16.1, outlined in table 16.1, and discussed in some detail in the remainder of this chapter. The essence of article 76 is to define a procedure whereby a coastal State with a wide continental margin may claim jurisdiction over certain resources of the seabed beyond the 200-M limit. It follows that the location of the 200-M limit should be known with a reasonable degree of reliability. It is portrayed on the official charts of many nations. However, not all of these charts are constructed at scales or projections that readily lend themselves to the visualization and analysis of information such as sounding profiles and seabed morphology that may need to be examined in conjunction with the 200-M limit. From time to time, therefore, it may be necessary to portray the 200-M limit on a chart that is custom-built, or which covers a more restricted area.

Data Sources, Management, and Presentation

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy L. Holcolmbe ◽  
Carla J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Information ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Successful Execution ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Existing Data

In the previous chapters, the various techniques for delimiting the continental shelf have been outlined. However many continental shelf claims will be developed largely on the basis of existing information. Therefore, a coastal state should begin its article 76 implementation by assembling and reviewing all available information that is relevant for determining the outer limit of the continental shelf, and for assessing the resource potential beyond 200 nautical miles (M). Data compilation activities tend to be labor-intensive, and the amount of time needed for their successful execution depends to a large extent upon the quantity and condition of the data sets, the skill and experience of the compilation staff, and the data-handling facilities at their disposal. However, it is reasonably safe to assume that almost any compilation of existing data will be less expensive than mobilizing and executing a field program for collecting new data, so it is usually more cost-effective to begin with a compilation. Even if the data compilation operation serves primarily to demonstrate the inadequacy of existing data, it will serve a useful purpose by identifying specifically where and what kind of new information is needed. To satisfy the requirements of article 76, and to provide a foundation for an understanding of the resources within the continental shelf, we are concerned primarily with data in the fields of hydrography, geodesy, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry and their subdisciplines. Such data are usually characterized by their spatial variations, in two or three dimensions, which are of a far greater magnitude than any temporal changes, as for example in the case of gravity anomaly data. However, the temporal variation of some geoscience parameters is becoming increasingly important as an indicator of environmental change. Because of the importance of their spatial changes with respect to the delineation of the continental shelf, the traditional form of presentation of geoscience data has been as maps. Whereas maps provide an excellent visualization of the data field, they may not be sufficient to carry out the analysis needed to satisfy article 76, and increasingly, digital data, profiles, and other data forms are becoming necessary.

The Practical Realization of the Continental Shelf Limit

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Carleton ◽  
David Monahan
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Practical Realization ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Existing Data

The first steps in establishing the case for a possible continental shelf claim beyond 200 nautical miles (M) were covered in the previous chapter. The requirement for an initial assessment of existing data and information before proceeding with the practical stage of new data acquisition and assessment to determine the actual legal limit of the continental margin is clear. This chapter deals with the three possible cases: (case A) no extended continental shelf, (case B) foot of the slope plus 60 M, and (case C) limits based on the foot of the slope and sediment thickness. Finally, the chapter deals with the delimitation of the two possible outer limit lines that are required to be implemented by coastal States, provided their continental margins extend up to or beyond those two limiting lines. Figure 17.1 illustrates how those limits could be combined to form a coastal State's continental shelf limit. . . . The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles (M) from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. . . . This provision, in principle, provides every coastal State with a continental shelf extending at least 200 M seaward. In practice, there are a number of constraints which result in the situation where a coastal State's entitlement to a continental shelf does not extend beyond 200 M. Let us therefore consider the procedure that each coastal State should follow to enable it to reach this conclusion. If a coastal State's entitlement to a continental shelf does not extend beyond 200 M measured from the territorial sea baseline, it can be assumed that the maritime zone calculated out to that distance will be subsumed within an exclusive economic zone regime, provided the coastal State claims such a zone, under part V of UNCLOS.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Calibration Data for the 6th to the 8th Millennia BC

Radiocarbon ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2B) ◽  
pp. 954-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Kromer ◽  
Monika Rhein ◽  
Michael Bruns ◽  
Hildegard Schoch-Fischer ◽  
Karl Otto Münnich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Radiocarbon Calibration

14C calibration curves derived from South German oak tree-ring series are presented. They cover the interval between 4400 and 7200 BC complementing existing data sets and extending them to older periods. The atmospheric 14C level before 6200 BC no longer follows the long-term sinusoidal trend fitted to the bristlecone data. This observation is supported by a tentative match of the Main 9 series.

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Employment Issues in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Marlene Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Unemployment Rates

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) in the United States face problems of discrimination, the glass ceiling, and very high long-term unemployment rates. As a diverse population, although some Asian Americans are more successful than average, others, like those from Southeast Asia and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs), work in low-paying jobs and suffer from high poverty rates, high unemployment rates, and low earnings. Collecting more detailed and additional data from employers, oversampling AAPIs in current data sets, making administrative data available to researchers, providing more resources for research on AAPIs, and enforcing nondiscrimination laws and affirmative action mandates would assist this population.

Placental Therapy as Panacea: An Insight to Its Therapeutic Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Md Mumtaz ◽  
Madhu Gupta ◽  
Ramesh K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Placental Extract

Abstract:: The placenta that maintains and regulates the growth of fetus, consists of various biological treasures nutrients such as cytomedines, vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, peptides, growth factors and other biologically active constituents. Their therapeutic usefulness can well define in the terms of biochemical mechanisms of various components present in it. Biomedical waste derived extract is also a panacea for treatment of various diseases. Placental therapy has been reported specifically to have potent action on recovery of diseases and tissue regeneration. Placental bioactive components and their multi targeting identity prompted us to compile the précised information on placental extract products. However, some findings are needed to be explored by scientific community to prove their clinical potential with clinically significant statistical conclusions. In the light of available information and the usefulness of the placental extract, it is necessary for the development of various formulations for various unmet meet for the treatment as well as access their adverse effects as well as contradictions and precisely evaluated in the short and in the long-term periods.

Epidemiological Evidence that Maternal Influenza Contributes to the Aetiology of Schizophrenia

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Adams ◽  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
E. H. Hare ◽  
P. Munk-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Monthly Incidence ◽  
Maternal Influenza

The epidemiological evidence that the offspring of women exposed to influenza in pregnancy are at increased risk of schizophrenia is conflicting. In an attempt to clarify the issue we explored the relationship between the monthly incidence of influenza (and measles) in the general population and the distribution of birth dates of three large series of schizophrenic patients - 16 960 Scottish patients born in 1932–60; 22 021 English patients born in 1921–60; and 18 723 Danish patients born in 1911–65. Exposure to the 1957 epidemic of A2 influenza in midpregnancy was associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia, at least in females, in all three data sets. We also confirmed the previous report of a statistically significant long-term relationship between patients' birth dates and outbreaks of influenza in the English series, with time lags of - 2 and - 3 months (the sixth and seventh months of pregnancy). Despite several other negative studies by ourselves and others we conclude that these relationships are probably both genuine and causal; and that maternal influenza during the middle third of intrauterine development, or something closely associated with it, is implicated in the aetiology of some cases of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals mtDNAcombine: tools to combine sequences from multiple studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor F. Miller ◽  
Andrea Manica
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Bayesian Skyline Plot ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Background Today an unprecedented amount of genetic sequence data is stored in publicly available repositories. For decades now, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the workhorse of genetic studies, and as a result, there is a large volume of mtDNA data available in these repositories for a wide range of species. Indeed, whilst whole genome sequencing is an exciting prospect for the future, for most non-model organisms’ classical markers such as mtDNA remain widely used. By compiling existing data from multiple original studies, it is possible to build powerful new datasets capable of exploring many questions in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. One key question that these data can help inform is what happened in a species’ demographic past. However, compiling data in this manner is not trivial, there are many complexities associated with data extraction, data quality and data handling. Results Here we present the mtDNAcombine package, a collection of tools developed to manage some of the major decisions associated with handling multi-study sequence data with a particular focus on preparing sequence data for Bayesian skyline plot demographic reconstructions. Conclusions There is now more genetic information available than ever before and large meta-data sets offer great opportunities to explore new and exciting avenues of research. However, compiling multi-study datasets still remains a technically challenging prospect. The mtDNAcombine package provides a pipeline to streamline the process of downloading, curating, and analysing sequence data, guiding the process of compiling data sets from the online database GenBank.

scholarly journals Pre-motor versus motor cerebral cortex neuromodulation for chronic neuropathic pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Lavrov ◽  
Timur Latypov ◽  
Elvira Mukhametova ◽  
Brian Lundstrom ◽  
Paola Sandroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

scholarly journals A Novel LSTM Model with Interaction Dual Attention for Radar Echo Extrapolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Chuyao Luo ◽  
Xutao Li ◽  
Yongliang Wen ◽  
Yunming Ye ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Radar Echo ◽  
Hidden States ◽  
Better Than

The task of precipitation nowcasting is significant in the operational weather forecast. The radar echo map extrapolation plays a vital role in this task. Recently, deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (ConvRNN) models have been designed to solve the task. These models, albeit performing much better than conventional optical flow based approaches, suffer from a common problem of underestimating the high echo value parts. The drawback is fatal to precipitation nowcasting, as the parts often lead to heavy rains that may cause natural disasters. In this paper, we propose a novel interaction dual attention long short-term memory (IDA-LSTM) model to address the drawback. In the method, an interaction framework is developed for the ConvRNN unit to fully exploit the short-term context information by constructing a serial of coupled convolutions on the input and hidden states. Moreover, a dual attention mechanism on channels and positions is developed to recall the forgotten information in the long term. Comprehensive experiments have been conducted on CIKM AnalytiCup 2017 data sets, and the results show the effectiveness of the IDA-LSTM in addressing the underestimation drawback. The extrapolation performance of IDA-LSTM is superior to that of the state-of-the-art methods.

scholarly journals LOWER BOUNDS OF CHARACTERISTIC SCALE OF TOPOLOGICAL MODIFICATION OF THE NEWTONIAN GRAVITATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 1250048
Author(s):  
L. IORIO
Keyword(s):  
Semimajor Axis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Spatial Direction ◽  
Newtonian Gravitation ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Local Modification

We analytically work out the long-term orbital perturbations induced by the leading order of perturbing potential arising from the local modification of the Newton's inverse square law due to a topology ℝ2 × 𝕊1 with a compactified dimension of radius R recently proposed by Floratos and Leontaris. We neither restrict to any specific spatial direction [Formula: see text] for the asymmetry axis nor to particular orbital configurations of the test particle. Thus, our results are quite general. Nonvanishing long-term variations occur for all the usual osculating Keplerian orbital elements, apart from the semimajor axis which is left unaffected. By using recent improvements in the determination of the orbital motion of Saturn from Cassini data, we preliminarily inferred R ≳ 4-6 kau . As a complementary approach, the putative topological effects should be explicitly modeled and solved-for with a modified version of the ephemerides dynamical models with which the same data sets should be reprocessed.

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