The Duty to Pay Reparations for the Violation of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in International Relations and the Jus Post Bellum

2020 ◽  
pp. 439-474
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Günnewig
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
First Century ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Jus Post Bellum ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
First World ◽  
Economic Capacity

This chapter critically assesses the usefulness of a jus post bellum as a freshly discussed third pillar of international peace and security law with regard to a state’s duty to pay reparations for an unlawful resort to force. Based on the analysis of the relevant practice—starting from the Versailles reparations regime after the First World War and ending with the work of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission at the beginning of the twenty-first century—this chapter identifies a systemic gap in the current legal framework governing the aggressor state’s reparations obligation. While the principle of full reparation is one of the fundamental premises to the law of state responsibility and firmly enshrined in customary international law, there is a recurring practice in the aftermath of armed conflicts to consider the severity of the aggressor state’s wrongdoing and its economic capacity in determining the adequate reparations sum. The chapter concludes that this practice, which reflects the unique peacebuilding function of reparations in a post bellum society, can be best addressed by developing and applying a jus post bellum principle of proportionality to the aggressor state’s reparations obligation.

Ensemble Intercontemporain at 40, Philharmonie de Paris

Tempo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (282) ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Stephanie Jones
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Original Sin ◽  
First Century ◽  
Worth Living ◽  
World War ◽  
Life Worth Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Bernard Stiegler ◽  
First World

In response to Paul Valéry's words after the First World War in La Crise de l'esprit – ‘We later civilisations … we too now know that we are mortal’ – the French philosopher Bernard Stiegler remarks, in his own chapter entitled ‘Apocalypse Without God’ in his What Makes Life Worth Living, We too, earthlings of the twenty-first century know that we are capable of self-destruction. And if in the past the possibility of such an extinction of our kind was inconceivable other than as the consequence of God's anger – of original sin – today there is no longer any religious reference at the origin of this extreme global pessimism’ (p. 9).

The Itinerant Library of Lala Lajpat Rai

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Chris Moffat
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Urban America ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Colonial Histories ◽  
First World

Abstract This essay traces the movements of a library from New York to Lahore in the wake of the First World War and then to Shimla and Chandigarh following the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. It explores how this collection of books, assembled by the anti-colonial nationalist Lajpat Rai (1865–1928), intersected with and informed key moments of political struggle in twentieth-century urban America and colonial India. The essay then considers the fate of Lajpat Rai’s library today, its place in twenty-first-century Punjab, and the questions it poses for historians interested in anti-colonial histories, post-colonial presents and the commemorative work (as well as enduring political questions) that bind them.

War and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-267
Author(s):  
Stefan Dudink ◽  
Karen Hagemann ◽  
Mischa Honeck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Western World ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Total War ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Global Age ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

This chapter provides an introduction to the intertwined histories of gender and war from the end of the Age of Revolutions in the early nineteenth century to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In the opening section, it offers a reconsideration of the notion of Europe’s post-Napoleonic century as an “era of peace” and of key concepts that historians have used to make sense of pursuits of war and military force during this time period, such as total war, imperialism, and militarism, and nationalism. It then offers a panoramic view of the major wars waged from the 1830s to the 1910s, paying special attention to the often porous and fluid boundaries between national, colonial, and imperial armed conflicts. Next, the chapter surveys the peacetime militarization of the “Western world” before the era of the two world wars, analyzing it as part of the movement of politics, society, culture, and economics in what was by the mid-nineteenth century a global age. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the intersections of war and gender and a reflection on the state of scholarship.

Fight Against «German Domination» and Creation of «Liquidation Law» Rules in the Russian Empire During the First World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Sinichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The article sets out the goal of analyzing Russian legislation from the period of 1914 –1917. The relevance of the work is caused by the fact that in modern historiography there is no single view on the formation and composition of the legal framework of the so-called «liquidation legislation». This is due to the fact that researchers study typically three different groups of regulations: firstly, it is a struggle against foreign land tenure and land use in Russia; secondly, the struggle against foreign share capital, and thirdly, the struggle against the right to own and manage enterprises that then functioned in Russia and belonged to «enemy subjects» and «immigrants from hostile states» by the ownership right. The object of the study in the article was the measures of the emergency legislation of Russia in the framework of which a liquidation company was carried out against foreign enterprises during the First World War. The subject of the study is the activities of the Russian government, expressed in a number of Decrees of the Council of Ministers 1914–1917 which aimed at restricting the subjects` rights of the states warring with Russia. Along with general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, etc.), the work uses the problem-chronological method, which made it possible not only to describe the dynamics of the adoption of the norms of «liquidation law», but also to identify the impact on its development of the political situation, the decision-making algorithm of the Russian government in the time period studied. The author concludes that from March 16, 1915 to February 7, 1917, the activities of the Russian government in relation to subjects of the countries hostile to Russia were unskilled and did not comply with the practice of international law. This had a negative impact on the economic activities of the Russian state, which was in difficult conditions of military confrontation with the «Central Powers» bloc during the First World War.

Introduction: Balkan Paramilitaries – Undemobilized Combatants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dmitar Tasić
Keyword(s):  
Strong Influence ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Introduction provides information about the study chronological and geographical contexts; similarities and differences between broader European and Balkan phenomenon’s of paramilitarism after the First World War as well as most important features of Balkan paramilitarism in investigated period (1917-1924) such as: intensive political engagement, strong inclination towards guerrilla warfare, personal allegiances rather than organizational or institutional ones, active participation in armed conflicts, political crisis, coups, etc, arrival of ‘White’ Russians and ex Russian revolutionaries as the new bearers of paramilitarism and paramilitary violence in the Balkans, violence as an integral part of paramilitaries and reoccurring in identical or similar shapes despite the changes in ideological and political context. It also speaks of strong legacy of Balkan paramilitarism and how it continued to have strong influence in subsequent conflicts in the region—Second World War and Wars of Yugoslav Succession 1991–1999.

On the frontiers of empire: Culture and power in early modern “Iranian” Kurdistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Djene Rhys Bajalan
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
First World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This article will provide a broad (although by no means comprehensive) overview of the development of modern scholarly historical writing pertaining the Middle East’s Kurdish community prior to the end of the First World War. It seeks to highlight some of the important pioneering scholars who shaped the field during its twentieth century as well as more recent flurry of academic activity that has, since the turn of the twenty-first century, resulted in a publication of a number of important works that have greatly expanded our knowledge of Kurdish history. However, it will also endeavour to highlight some of the deficits in the existing historiography, most notably relating to Kurdistan in the early modern period (the early sixteenth to early nineteenth century) and, more specifically, the relatively underdeveloped nature of the literature on “Iranian” Kurdistan during this era. In doing so, it hopes to provide context for the three articles published in this issue of Kurdish Studies, all of which examine issues relating to culture and power in early modern “Iranian” Kurdistan.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJILi ser sînorên împeretoriyê: “Hêmana Îranî” di dîroka pêş-modêrn ya Kurdistanê deEv gotar dê nirxandineke berfireh (lê ne giştgir) a nivîsarên li ser dîroka gelê kurd ê li Rojhilata Navîn yên berî xelasiya Şerê Cîhanî yê Yekem. Ew dê dêneke taybet bide ser çendîn zanyarên serkêş ku di sedsala bîstan de meydana dîroknivîsiya kurdî ava kirine û herwiha berê xwe bide ser berbelavbûna vê dawiyê ya çalakiyên akademîk –ji çerxa sedsala bîst û yekê ve– ku çendîn berhemên girîng jê derçûne û bi vê yekê re zanyariya me ya li ser dîroka kurdan gelek berfirehtir kirine. Lê belê, gotar dê herwiha hewl bide ku hindek valahiyên dîroknivîsiya heyî berçav bike, bi taybetî valahiya xebatên li ser Kurdistana di serdema pêş-modêrn (ji serê sedsala şanzdehan heta serê sedsala hevdehan) de, û, bi rengekî hûrbijêrtir, paşmayîbûna nisbî ya lêkolîn û nivîsarên li ser Kurdistana “Îranî” ya di vê serdemê de. Bi vî awayî, gotar dil dike çarçoveyekê dabîn bike ji bo her sê gotarên di vê hejmara Kurdish Studies de, ku hemû jî berê xwe didine wê mijarê ku em dikarin wek “Hêmana Îranî” di Kurdistana pêş-modêrn de bi nav bikin.ABSTRACT IN SORANILe ser sînorekanî împiratorî: “Hokarî Êranî” le Kurdistanî pêş-modêrn daEm wutare raçawkirdineweke giştîye (bellam nek giştgire) le ser nûsrawekanî sebaret be mêjûy kurdî le Rojhellatî Nawerast ber le axîrî Şerrî Cîhanî Yêkem. Wutareke serincêkî taybet debexşête ser çend zanyarêkî pêşengî ke le sedey bîst da biwarî mêjûnûsî kurdîyan durist kirdûwe, bellam herwa çaw le berfirawanbûnewey em duwayîyey –serî sedey bîst û yekewe– çalakiye akadamîkekan dekat ke çendîn berhemî girîngî lê we derçûwe û bew pêyeş zanyarîyekanman sebaret be mêjûy kurd ziyadtiryan kirdûwe. Wutareke hewllî eweş dedat ke hêndek kêmasiyêkî mêjûnûsîy hawçerxîş destnîşan bikat, be taybetî ewaney le merr Kurdistanî seretakanî serdemî modêrn (le ewelî sedey şanzde ta ewelî sedey hewde), herwa be rengekî deqîqtir çaw le paşmanewey lêkollînewe w nûsrawekanî le babet Kurdistanî “Êranî” lew serdeme da dekat. Bem şêweye, wutareke çarçowêk dabîn dekat bo her sê le wutarî em jimarey Kurdish Studies, ke hemûyan serinc dedene ew babetey ke detwanîn wekû “Hokarî Êranî” le Kurdistanî pêş-modêrn da be naw bikeyn.

scholarly journals Reception

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
Emma Bridges ◽  
Henry Stead
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Contemporary Novel ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modern Novels ◽  
First World

From Oxford University Press's ‘Classical Presences’ series, Carol Dougherty's Travel and Home in Homer's Odyssey and Contemporary Literature places Homer's Odyssey in dialogue with five twentieth- and twenty-first-century novels which all deal in some way with the ideas of home or travel. The author focuses on novels which, on the whole, do not respond overtly to the Odyssey, but which instead share key themes – such as transience, reunion, nostalgia, or family relationships – with the Homeric poem. The conversations which she initiates between the ancient epic and the modern novels inspire us to rethink previously held assumptions about the Odyssey. For example, Dougherty's exploration of Rebecca West's The Return of the Soldier (1918), in which a veteran returns from the First World War with no memory of his wife, prompts her reader to consider Odysseus’ stay with Calypso as ‘a kind of nostalgic amnesia, a necessary break that enables rather than an obstacle that impedes his return’ (111). As ‘an experiment in improvisatory criticism’ (16), this book yields rich rewards for the reader who is already familiar with the Odyssey, as well as for those whose point of entry is one of the five modern novels. The framework applied – in which each chapter presents a reading of a relevant section of the Odyssey before setting out an analysis of the contemporary novel with which it is paired – is perhaps more familiar from comparative literary studies than from classical reception scholarship, yet Dougherty's approach is one which stimulates fresh thought about how we as readers (re-)interpret and ‘receive’ ancient texts based on the contexts in which we encounter them.

scholarly journals The Content and Treatment of Prisoners of war During the First World War (on the example of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Anna M. Chapaeva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
First World

This article is devoted to the content of prisoners of war in the Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces during the First World War. The international and Russian legal framework for the detention of prisoners of war is indicated, which prescribes the conditions for providing medical care, the use of labor and the treatment of officers and lower ranks. Examples of the content of prisoners of war and the attitude of the local population to military prisoners are given. The approximate expenses for the maintenance of prisoners of war in the specified provinces are shown. The generaliter information concerning equipment with medical and disinfection equipment is given. The analysis of archival documents and publications concerning the maintenance of prisoners of war is carried out.

scholarly journals FIRST BATTLE LINE ON SALONICA FRONT 1916-1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573-1578
Author(s):  
Oliver Cackov
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World ◽  
Central Forces

During the First World War Macedonia in its ethnic borders was a space of bloody fights of the Great Powers and their struggle for world domination and colonial empires. The front line on the territory of Macedonia, known as the Front of Macedonia, whose length was several hundred kilometers long, stretched predominantly through the mountainous areas at an altitude of over 2,000 meters where the armed conflicts, between the forces of the Entente and the Central Powers took place. The immediate cause of the formation of the Macedonian Front was the failure of the Dardanelles Operation, when troops from Galipola were transferred to Thessaloniki. The Macedonian front was the only allied front where the only command had been operating throughout its existence. At the beginning, the main command was held by the General Moris Saraj. The paper deals with the tragedy of the cities and the population, and the mountain heights that were located on the first frontline of the Macedonian Front, with huge destruction and devastation from everyday artillery and air strikes. Bitola as an important communication point was constantly exposed to bombardment, and many of the surrounding villages disappeared forever. Only a few kilometers southeast of Bitola is the top Kajmakcalan, where there were also fierce fighting with many casualties and terrible devastation. The Battle of Kajmakcalan as part of the military operations of the Macedonian Front is one of the great battles of the First World War. In the history, the Battle of Kajmakchalan has been observed according to the great number of dead and wounded and the altitude where it took place. The breathtaking legendary city of Dojran and its surroundings, located in the center of the demarcation (front line), was completely destroyed. The residents of Dojran, on the orders of the Central Forces who were stationed there, left their homes and left in other Macedonian cities, but also in Serbia and Bulgaria, before the very beginning of the "Dojran Front".

scholarly journals “The disappointed pacifist”: Problems of war and peace in P.N. Milyukov’s journalism at the beginning of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Н.Ю. Николаев
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

В статье рассмотрены взгляды П.Н. Милюкова на проблемы войны и мира в 1910-е гг. Выявлено его отношение к вооруженным конфликтам, пацифистскому движению, милитаризму, разоружению и перспективам достижения всеобщего (вечного) мира. Определены причины и характер мировоззренческой эволюции Милюкова и его отказа от прежних антивоенных убеждений. Отдельно рассмотрена общественно-политическая позиция, занятая Милюковым в период Первой Мировой войны. The article examines the views of P.N. Milyukov on the problems of war and peace in the 1910s. His attitude to armed conflicts, pacifist movement, militarism, disarmament, and prospects for achieving universal (eternal) peace is Revealed. The reasons and nature of Milyukov's worldview evolution and his rejection of previous anti-war beliefs are determined. The socio-political position taken by Milyukov during the First World war is considered separately.

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