Harm Caused by Consumers

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-133
Author(s):  
Max Waltman
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pornography Consumption ◽  
Treatment Bias ◽  
The One ◽  
Causal Variable

The chapter analytically reviews research on the associations between, on the one hand, pornography consumption and, on the other, sexual aggression, attitudes promoting or trivializing violence against women, and sex purchasing. A positive association is found. The complementary methods used to draw causal inferences are illuminated: experiments, naturalistic observations (longitudinal and cross-sectional), and qualitative studies. Mechanisms that explain the effects of nonviolent pornography include subordination and dehumanization of women, targeting of perceived promiscuity, and imitation with unwilling partners. Results are corroborated across studies with samples drawn from the general population, youth, battered women, sex purchasers, and prostituted persons. It is shown how studies that control for variables and moderators such as hostility and promiscuity, which are not independent of the causal variable, likely underestimate pornography’s effects (a problem called post-treatment bias). Additionally, causal overdetermination and other problems in aggregated crime report studies are addressed (e.g., trivialization caused by pornography).

scholarly journals The Effects of Uric Acid, Serum Vitamin D3, and Their Interaction on Parkinson’s Disease Severity

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokhsareh Meamar ◽  
Pooria Shaabani ◽  
Seyed Reza Tabibian ◽  
Mohammad Reza Aghaye Ghazvini ◽  
Awat Feizi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Referral Hospitals ◽  
The One

Objectives. In current study, the relationships between serum vitamin D3 levels and serum UA concentrations as well as their interaction with severity of PD were evaluated in a sample of Iranian PD patients.Method. In a cross sectional study at the one of the main referral hospitals in central region of Iran, during September to November 2011, 112 patients were recruited. Severity of PD was evaluated sing H&R stages and UPDRS.Results. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient suggests the negative significant association between serum vitamin D3 and UPDRS in patients aged >62 (r=-0.34,P<0.05). No statistically significant association was observed between the UA levels and severity of PD (represented by H&Y categories) in different levels of serum vitamin D3 not only in total sample but also in separate age and sex groups. The linear regression coefficients suggested positive association between UA and serum vitamin D3 with UPDRSIII scores while negative relationship between UA and serum vitamin D3 interaction with UPDRSIII; however it was only statistically significant in age group ≤62 (P<0.05).Conclusion. Our study revealed a negative correlation between interaction of serum vitamin D3 and UA with severity of PD; other studies are required to confirm our findings.

scholarly journals Aggregation And Spatial Coexistence of Earthworm Community in Grassy Savanna of Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire)

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seydou Tiho ◽  
N'guetta Moise Ehouman ◽  
Mamadou Dagnogo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Geostatistical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The One ◽  
Reduced Density

Understanding of mechanisms by which species spatially coexist, come from the theoretical framework and has focussed on spatial competition. Earthworms were sampled in rainy season on a grid obtained from grassy savanna to explore spatial competition. We used geostatistical analysis to assess spatial dependence within community between different population patterns. Empirical results revealed among earthworm community two groups of species appeared of interest in term of association. The Eudrilidae species (Stuhlmannia porifera, Chuniodrilus zielae, and Chuniodrilus sp1) on the one part were negatively associated with Millsonia omodeoi (Megascolecidae) on the other part, whereas we observed significant positive association between C.zielae and S.porifera. This study indicates that the competitive interaction structures the community and this competition is detected through reduced density of one competitor when they spatially collocated.

Accessible E-Government through Universal Design

2011 ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Universal Design ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The accessible design of e-government ensures that these offers can also be used by people with disabilities (accessibility). Moreover, experience shows that clarity and comprehensibility of the offers benefit from their careful and deliberate design and structuring while keeping in mind accessibility requirements. Therefore, accessibility is useful for all citizens who want to attend to their administrative issues via the Internet (universal design). Accessibility as a cross-sectional subject has to be considered holistically: On the one hand, following the “universal design” principle, it becomes clear that all users benefit from an accessible solution, independent of their abilities and independent of their situation, environment or conditions. On the other hand, especially in e-government, the complete business process has to be considered: An offer accessible in itself may not be usable if an installation routine or plug-in has to be loaded from a non-accessible page or if the work procedure involves a media break.

scholarly journals Evaluation of outpatient discharge in patients with cutaneous melanoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Nurimar C. Fernandes ◽  
Flauberto de Sousa Marinho
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stage Iiic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Melanoma In Situ ◽  
Stage Ia ◽  
The One

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate discharge in a group of patients with cutaneous melanoma according to recently established criteria. METHODS: we conducted an observational, cross-sectional study with 32 patients at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), between 1995 and 2013, in the following stages: IA (17 cases, 53.12%), IB (4 cases, 12.5%), IIA (3 cases, 9.37%), IIC (1 case, 3.12%), IIIB (1 case, 3.12%), IIIC (3 cases, 9.37%), melanomas in situ (2 cases, 6.25%), Tx (1 case, 3.12%). RESULTS: the follow-up time varied from one to 20 years (stage IA), five to 15 years (stage IB), six to 17 years (stage IIA), 20 years (stage IIC), 23 years (stage IIIB) and 14 to 18 years (stage IIIC). One melanoma in situ (subungueal) was discharged in the fourth year of follow-up and the other was promptly discharged. The Tx melanoma was followed for 12 years. We observed no relapses or recurrences in the period. CONCLUSION: although a controversial issue, it was possible to endorse the discharge of the patients since our follow-up time had already exceeded the one recommended by the other authors.

scholarly journals Correlates of Overgeneral Memories in Normal Subjects

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Merckelbach ◽  
Peter Muris ◽  
Robert Horselenberg
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Memory Specificity ◽  
The One ◽  
Cue Words

This study examined the correlates of overgeneral memories (i.e., non-specific memories) in normal subjects. Subjects were instructed to generate five personal memories in response to positive cue-words and five memories in response to negative cue-words. As predicted, no evidence was found for a positive association between overgeneral memories and level of depression. Neither was there an association between low memory specificity on the one hand and neuroticism and trait anxiety on the other hand. A significant though small correlation was found between hemisphere thinking style and specificity of personal memories. Surprisingly, the direction of this correlation was such that the more subjects relied on a left hemisphere mode of thinking (i.e., analytic and verbal processing), the more overgeneral their memories were. Taken together, the results indicate that in normal samples, depression symptoms, neuroticism or trait anxiety do not represent important correlates of overgeneral memories consistent with their status as trait markers uninfluenced by state factors.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Association Between Muscular Fitness and Telomere Length Across the Adult Lifespan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Marques ◽  
Miguel Peralta ◽  
Priscila Marconcin ◽  
Duarte Henriques-Neto ◽  
Élvio Rúbio Gouveia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscular Fitness ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to systematically review the association between telomere length (TL) and muscular fitness. In October 2020, an articles search was applied to PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria included: cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental study design; outcomes included TL; results expressed the relationship between muscular fitness and TL; studies published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Nine studies were included in the review. Results from the four prospective studies are mixed. In one study, the changes in TL were associated with grip strength. Another study concluded that longer mid-life TL was associated with increased grip strength later in life. However, in the other two studies, the association between TL and sarcopenia was not strong. Nevertheless, longer TL was associated with a slower decline in grip strength in older people. From the four cross-sectional studies, three indicated that TL was associated with muscular fitness. On the other hand, in a study with powerlifters, TL remained within the range of values found in subjects with no history of regular strength training, supporting the notion that muscular fitness was not associated with TL. The cross-sectional and prospective studies showed that the relationship between TL and muscular fitness is not conclusive. It seems that there is a positive association between TL and muscular fitness in middle-aged and older adults. However, among younger adults, this relationship was not observed.

scholarly journals Disagreement on expectations: firms versus consumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Claveria
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
The One ◽  
Geometric Discrepancy

AbstractThis paper evaluates the dynamic response of economic activity to shocks in agents’ perception of uncertainty. The study focuses on the comparison between manufacturers’ and consumers’ perception of economic uncertainty, gauged by a geometric discrepancy indicator to quantify the proportion of disagreement in eleven European countries and the Euro Area. A vector autoregressive framework is used to estimate the impulse response functions to innovations in disagreement, both for manufacturers and consumers. The effect on economic activity of shocks to the perception of uncertainty is found to differ markedly between both types of agents. On the one hand, shocks to consumer discrepancy tend to be of greater magnitude and duration than those to manufacturer discrepancy. On the other hand, innovations in disagreement between the two collectives have an opposite effect on economic activity: shocks to manufacturer discrepancy lead to a decrease in economic activity, as opposed to shocks to consumer discrepancy. This finding is of particular relevance to researchers when using cross-sectional dispersion of survey-based expectations for approximating and assessing economic uncertainty, since the effect on economic growth of shocks to disagreement may be dependent on the type of agent and the way in which expectations have been elicited.

Gendered Carceral Logics in Social Work: The Blurred Boundaries in Gender Equality Policies for Imprisoned and Battered Women in Spain

Affilia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Valenzuela-Vela ◽  
Ana Alcázar-Campos
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Women Victims ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Battered Women ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The One

This article uses feminist critical analysis as a conceptual framework in order to reflect upon the carceral drifts adopted by gender equality policies in Spain. This issue has been deeply analyzed in the American context, and we believe it is relevant to bring the experiences of other contexts into discussion, such the Spanish one, where the welfare state has been affected by the 2008 global financial crisis. With the aim of adding to the discussion and making a contribution from feminisms and social work perspectives, this work carries out a comparative analysis on carceral policies addressed to women, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, on protection policies for women victims of gender-based violence. Based on our fieldwork in Andalucia (Spain) for more than 10 years, as well as on legal and programmatical text analysis, we question the alleged control/protection separation, highlighting the existence of gendered carceral logics in both contexts. We highlight the social control to which women are subject and for which subjects women to the image of a “good victim” on the one hand and a “good mother” on the other.

A Graphic Method of Estimating the Specificity of Screening Programmes from Incomplete Follow-up Data

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Brecht ◽  
B.-P. Robra
Keyword(s):  
Screening Programme ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Graphic Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cancer Screening Programme ◽  
The One ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Screening History

SummaryThe specificity of a screening test determines, on the one hand, the extent of inconvenience and risk involved for healthy participants of a screening programme. This is, therefore, a possible determinant of programme acceptance. On the other hand, follow-up costs generally represent a considerable proportion of the total screening programme cost and are determined by the specificity. The specificity is thus an essential determinant of the efficiency of such a programme.Under the rare disease assumption it is possible to assess the specificity of screening programmes from cross-sectional data. On the basis of this method, a simple graphic way of evaluating the specificity is also described and illustrated by data stratified by age and screening history from the German National Cancer Screening Programme.

scholarly journals Physicians’ experiences with euthanasia: a cross-sectional survey amongst a random sample of Dutch physicians to explore their concerns, feelings and pressure

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Evenblij ◽  
H. Roeline W. Pasman ◽  
Johannes J. M. van Delden ◽  
Agnes van der Heide ◽  
Suzanne van de Vathorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Physicians who receive a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide may experience a conflict of duties: the duty to preserve life on the one hand and the duty to relieve suffering on the other hand. Little is known about experiences of physicians with receiving and granting a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the concerns, feelings and pressure experienced by physicians who receive requests for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Methods In 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 3000 Dutch physicians. Physicians who had been working in adult patient care in the Netherlands for the last year were included in the sample (n = 2657). Half of the physicians were asked about the most recent case in which they refused a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide, and half about the most recent case in which they granted a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Results Of the 2657 eligible physicians, 1374 (52%) responded. The most reported reason not to participate was lack of time. Of the respondents, 248 answered questions about a refused euthanasia or assisted suicide request and 245 about a granted EAS request. Concerns about specific aspects of the euthanasia and assisted suicide process, such as the emotional burden of preparing and performing euthanasia or assisted suicide were commonly reported by physicians who refused and who granted a request. Pressure to grant a request was mostly experienced by physicians who refused a request, especially if the patient was ≥80 years, had a life-expectancy of ≥6 months and did not have cancer. The large majority of physicians reported contradictory emotions after having performed euthanasia or assisted suicide. Conclusions Society should be aware of the impact of euthanasia and assisted suicide requests on physicians. The tension physicians experience may decrease their willingness to perform euthanasia and assisted suicide. On the other hand, physicians should not be forced to cross their own moral boundaries or be tempted to perform euthanasia and assisted suicide in cases that may not meet the due care criteria.

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