Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Scalar Modifiers ◽  
Issue Content

Chapter 10 summarizes the book’s analyses and proposal regarding (i) similarities and differences between semantic scalar modifiers and pragmatic scalar modifiers, (ii) variations in pragmatic scalar modifiers, (iii) interpretations of embedded pragmatic scalar modifiers, and (iv) the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers, and considers theoretical implications. The dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers and the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers suggest that although there is a difference between at-issue and not-at-issue meanings, they have a flexible relationship. The chapter argues that both types of meanings must be captured in a unified or flexible fashion. This multidimensional approach is compared to other alternative approaches: the relevance-theoretic approach and Bach’s approach, which does not assume the notion of a CI. Finally, possible future directions for studies of pragmatic scalar modifiers and not-at-issue content are briefly considered.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
The Core ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Conventional Implicatures ◽  
Scalar Modifiers

Chapter 1 introduces the aim and the target phenomenon of this book, that is, the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers and the meaning and use of pragmatic scalar modifiers. After a brief overview of the current views on the notion of conventional implicatures (CIs) and the semantics/pragmatics interface, and observation of data for the dual-use phenomenon of pragmatic scalar modifiers, this book raises questions concerning (i) the similarities and differences between at-issue scalar meanings and CI (not-at-issue) scalar meanings, (ii) variations in pragmatic scalar modifiers, (iii) the interpretations of embedded pragmatic scalar modifiers, and (iv) the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers. It then also briefly outlines the core ideas and analytical directions used for answering these questions.

Landscape of scalar meanings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Dual Use ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Scalar Modifiers

Chapter 2 provides the landscape of scalar meanings and highlights the target phenomenon of this book—the phenomenon of the dual use of scalar modifiers. More specifically, four kinds of scalar meanings are introduced: at-issue scalar meaning, conversational scalar meaning, presuppositional scalar meaning, and conventional implicature (CI) scalar meaning. There follows an informal examination of the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers where a scalar modifier can express an at-issue scalar meaning and a CI scalar meaning. The similarities and differences between a CI and a presupposition are also considered. It is claimed that a CI and a presupposition belong to a different class of meaning and should theoretically be treated differently.

Pragmatic Aspects of Scalar Modifiers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Pragmatic Information ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Semantic Shift ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Scalar Modifiers ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

This book investigates pragmatic aspects of scalar modifiers. Through a detailed analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of comparatives with indeterminate pronouns, positive polarity minimizers, intensifiers, and expectation-reversal adverbs in Japanese and other languages, the book shows that scalarity is utilized not just for measuring a thing/event in the semantic level, but also for expressing various kinds of pragmatic information, including politeness, priority of utterance, the speaker’s attitude, and unexpectedness, at the level of conventional implicature (CI). The similarities and differences between at-issue and CI scalar meanings are analyzed using a multidimensional composition system (Potts 2005; McCready 2010). Two types of pragmatic scalar modifiers are proposed: a higher-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which utilizes an implicit pragmatic scale, and a lower-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which recycles the scale of an at-issue gradable predicate. The book also investigates the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers that are embedded in the complement of an attitude predicate, and claims that there is a semantic shift from a CI to a secondary at-issue entailment in the case of non-speaker-oriented readings. It will also show that there is a phenomenon of “projection of not-at-issue meaning via modal support” in lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers. Finally, the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers is also discussed. This book claims that although semantic scalar meanings and pragmatic (CI) scalar meanings are compositionally different, there is a relationship between the two, and it is important to look at both kinds of meaning in a uniform/flexible fashion.

A Comparative Analysis of Two Qualitative Methods: Deciding Between Grounded Theory and Phenomenology for Your Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Masoodi Marjan
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Applied Approach ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Research Students

Abstract The purpose of this article is to compare two qualitative approaches that can be used in different researches: phenomenology and grounded theory. This overview is done to (1) summarize similarities and differences between these two approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products (2) familiarize the researchers with the origins and details of these approaches in the way that they can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study (3) discuss a brief outline of each methodology along with their origin, essence and procedural steps undertaken (4) illustrate how the procedures of data analysis (coding), theoretical memoing and sampling are applied to systematically generate a grounded theory (5) briefly examine the major challenges for utilizing two approaches in grounded theory, the Glaserian and Straussian. As a conclusion, this overview reveals that it is essential to ensure that the method matches the research question being asked, helps the researchers determine the suitability of their applied approach and provides a continues training for the novice researchers, especially PhD or research students who lack solid knowledge and background experience in multiple research methods.

Comparison with an indeterminate pronoun

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Scale Structure ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Individual Comparison ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Striking Parallelism

Chapter 4 focuses on the dual-use phenomenon of comparison with an indeterminate pronoun in Japanese (and other languages) and considers the similarities and differences between at-issue comparative meaning (i.e. individual comparison) and a CI comparative meaning (i.e. noteworthy comparison). Although an individual comparison and a noteworthy comparison are compositionally and dimensionally different, there is a striking parallelism in terms of the scale structure. The chapter explains the similarities and differences between the two kinds of comparison in a systematic way. It also considers the role of scalarity and comparison in a discourse context and argues that they provide a way of signaling to what extent an at-issue utterance contributes to the goal of the conversation. The timing of signaling information on noteworthiness in a discourse and its pragmatic effect are also discussed.

scholarly journals DIDACTIC SUPPORT FOR THE FORMATION OF SELF-CONTROL SKILLS IN FOREIGN TEXTBOOKS: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga D. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Original System ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Selection Of

The paper studies didactic approaches used to create self-test units in textbooks. The system of self-control skills formation is considered on the example of textbooks on reading. The authors define the approaches of textbooks published in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, the Netherlands, Germany, France and Greece in Cyrillic, Latin and Greek alphabets to the organization of self-control based on the content and structure. The didactic features of these publications are described from the viewpoint of realizing the possibility of self-test of the tasks and exercises. German and Greek textbooks with an original system of self-test in illustrative and textual form are singled out and analyzed in detail. The types of tasks for the thinking development in schoolchildren are distinguished with the use of cluster analysis. The content analysis helped the authors in identifying the five groups of multiple or single selection of objects and things tasks and exercises, reproduction of previously studied letters, sequencing, correlation, and design. The paper shows the similarities and differences in the implementation of self-control skills formation in various editions of textbooks. The separate unit of exercises for the development of fine motor skills are considered as a means of developing graphic accuracy and a prerequisite for the transition to the stage of logical thinking.

scholarly journals 23 Science and the International Regulation of Marine Pollution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Elizabeth A
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter considers the approaches taken by international regimes to address marine pollution. It identifies similarities and differences in approaches across time and different sources of pollution, the degree to which they follow an adaptive management approach, and the role of science in decision-making. It begins with an overview of the historical development of the law. It then discusses the current regime, covering general obligations and certain source-specific obligations. The final section contains conclusions and a discussion of current and future issues.

Adoption of Social Networking Sites

2012 ◽  
pp. 600-607
Author(s):  
Y. P. Chang ◽  
D. H. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
International Phenomenon

The adoption of social networking sites has become an international phenomenon. This encyclopedia entry synthesizes the literature concerning adoption of social networking sites. It offers a definition about adoption of social networking sites. It provides an overview on historical development by specifying the pioneering scholars of danah boyd and Nicole Ellison and current knowledge status of the adoption of social networking sites. It introduces the current scientific knowledge by specifying leading scholars’ researches from five representative areas, namely adopters’ characteristics, adopters’ motivation, antecedents of adoption, adopters’ behavior and consequences of adoption. It also concludes the entry and outlines future directions.

Introduction: Logic and Logic Programming Languages

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Equational Logic ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
General Schema ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Logic Programming Languages ◽  
Order Predicate Calculus

Logic, according to Webster’s dictionary [Webster, 1987], is ‘a science that deals with the principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration: the science of the formal principles of reasoning.' Such 'principles and criteria’ are always described in terms of a language in which inference, demonstration, and reasoning may be expressed. One of the most useful accomplishments of logic for mathematics is the design of a particular formal language, the First Order Predicate Calculus (FOPC). FOPC is so successful at expressing the assertions arising in mathematical discourse that mathematicians and computer scientists often identify logic with classical logic expressed in FOPC. In order to explore a range of possible uses of logic in the design of programming languages, we discard the conventional identification of logic with FOPC, and formalize a general schema for a variety of logical systems, based on the dictionary meaning of the word. Then, we show how logic programming languages may be designed systematically for any sufficiently effective logic, and explain how to view Prolog, Datalog, λProlog, Equational Logic Programming, and similar programming languages, as instances of the general schema of logic programming. Other generalizations of logic programming have been proposed independently by Meseguer [Meseguer, 1989], Miller, Nadathur, Pfenning and Scedrov [Miller et al., 1991], Goguen and Burstall [Goguen and Burstall, 1992]. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce a set of basic concepts for understanding logic programming, not in terms of its historical development, but in a systematic way based on retrospective insights. In order to achieve a systematic treatment, we need to review a number of elementary definitions from logic and theoretical computer science and adapt them to the needs of logic programming. The result is a slightly modified logical notation, which should be recognizable to those who know the traditional notation. Conventional logical notation is also extended to new and analogous concepts, designed to make the similarities and differences between logical relations and computational relations as transparent as possible. Computational notation is revised radically to make it look similar to logical notation.

scholarly journals Transformative Educational Research: Fleshing Out the Concepts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bal Chandra Luitel ◽  
Shree Krishna Wagley
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Transformative Research ◽  
Emerging Leaders ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Knowledge Practice ◽  
The Given

In reference to this special issue, the idea of transformative educational research (TER) brings into light the integrated meanings on ‘the what’, ‘the why’, ‘the how’, ‘the who’, and ‘what next’ of transformative research approach in education, bringing together the ideas shared in the conference, and existing theoretical referents in this area of knowledge/practice. This concept note, thus, primarily seeks to define transformative research approach in education, taking into consideration what an associated research and practitioner agenda might look like. So as to achieve this purpose, this paper frames TRE practices so far, and creates space to think on future directions for education, and educational research through different sub-headings: (1) TER as multidimensional approach, (2) TER as a response to paradigm shift, (3) TRE as arts-based multi-paradigmatic space, (4) TER for emerging leaders at various spheres of life-world, and (5) TER as imagining the world beyond the given.

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