What are Quantum Measurements?
Chapter 4 introduces a great QM mystery: the notion of quantum measurements. Henry is in a superposition of versions localized in several places, but when Eve measures Henry’s position she (as a classical observer) either sees Henry or she does not. Physical reality is made of such measurements. Eve’s measurement projects or collapses Henry’s superposition state to a single location. The meaning of quantum-state or wavefunction “collapse” and the role of the observer have been at the heart of the historical debate concerning the interpretation of QM. Whereas Von Neumann and Wigner stressed the inseparability of the observed (measured) world from the human mind, alternative “observer-free” views were suggested, such as Everett’s many-world interpretation or Zurek’s quantum Darwinism that replaces the observer by the environment. In the appendix to this chapter the notion of probability amplitudes is elucidated, new notations for operators are introduced and projection operators are presented.