How Should We Study Intelligent Technologies’ Implications for Work and Employment?

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-115
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Barley ◽  
Matthew I. Beane
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Work And Employment

After providing a review of current research on how intelligent technologies (such as artificial intelligence) may alter work and employment, this chapter points to two problems in the existing literature, namely an isolationist view of technology and a reductionist view of work. It then sketches how researchers might surmount these problems by viewing technologies as technological systems organized as stacks of components and by approaching the implications of implemented technologies through role systems analysis. The chapter ends with suggestions for how researchers might study technological stacks and role systems in order to better document how intelligent technologies may affect work and employment.

Analysis of interconnections between technical systems on hierarchically connected technological levels of steel sheet production by hot rolling

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-855
Author(s):  
E. N. Shiryaeva ◽  
M. A. Polyakov ◽  
D. V. Terent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Rolling Mill ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Rolled Sheet ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Hot Rolling Mill ◽  
Technical Systems

Complexity of modern metallurgical plants, presence of great number of horizontal and vertical interactions between their various structural subdivisions makes it necessary to apply a systems analysis to elaborate effective measures for stable development of a plant operation. Among such measures, digitalization of a plant is widespread at present. To implement the digitalization it is necessary to have clear vision about links at all the levels of the technological system of a plant. A terminology quoted, accepted in the existing regulatory documents for defining of conceptions, comprising the technological system. It was shown, that the following four hierarchical levels of technological systems are distinguished: technological systems of operations, technological systems of processes, technological systems of production subdivisions and technological systems of plants. A hierarchical scheme of technological systems of hot-rolled sheet production at an integrated steel plant presented. Existing horizontal and vertical links between the basic plant’s shops shown. Peculiarities of flows of material, energy and information at the operation “rolling” of the technological system “hot rolling of a steel sheet” considered. As a technical system of the technological process of the hot rolling, the hot rolling mill was chosen. A structural diagram of the hot rolling mill was elaborated, the mill being consisted of reheating furnaces, roughing and finishing stand groups, with an intermediate roll-table between them, and down-coilers section. Since the rolling stands are the basic structural elements of the hot rolling mill, structural diagrams of a roughing and a finishing stands were elaborated. Results of the systems analysis of the technological and technical systems, hierarchically linked in the process of steel sheet hot rolling, can be applied for perfection of organization structure of the whole plant, as well as for elaboration mathematical models of a system separate elements functioning, which is a necessary condition for a plant digitalization.

Work and Technological Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Barley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Energy Transformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work And Organizations ◽  
Role Based ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Work And Employment

The four chapters of this book summarize the results of thirty-five years dedicated to studying how technologies change work and organizations. The first chapter places current developments in artificial intelligence into the historical context of previous technological revolutions by drawing on William Faunce’s argument that the history of technology is one of progressive automation of the four components of any production system: energy, transformation, and transfer and control technologies. The second chapter lays out a role-based theory of how technologies occasion changes in organizations. The third chapter tackles the issue of how to conceptualize a more thorough approach to assessing how intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence, can shape work and employment. The fourth chapter discusses what has been learned over the years about the fears that arise when one sets out to study technical work and technical workers and methods for controlling those fears.

United States seeks lead on AI-enabled defence systems

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Early Adoption ◽  
The Us ◽  
Taking Action ◽  
And Training

Subject US exploration of artificial intelligence-enabled defence systems. Significance The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technological systems that can learn and adapt based on experience and training and perform human-like functions such as planning, communicating and taking action is a rapidly emerging field in both the commercial and public sectors. The US Department of Defense (DoD) is taking a particular interest in these technologies, just like other major powers China and Russia. Impacts Private innovators will weigh revenue gains against reputational losses before entering contracts with the US defence apparatus. Early adoption of AI-enabled tools will probably be in support functions such as reconnaissance. Such applications are less likely to encounter objections on ethical grounds.

scholarly journals On and beyond artifacts in moral relations: accounting for power and violence in Coeckelbergh’s social relationism

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Tollon ◽  
Kiasha Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Moral Relativism ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Deep Integration

AbstractThe ubiquity of technology in our lives and its culmination in artificial intelligence raises questions about its role in our moral considerations. In this paper, we address a moral concern in relation to technological systems given their deep integration in our lives. Coeckelbergh develops a social-relational account, suggesting that it can point us toward a dynamic, historicised evaluation of moral concern. While agreeing with Coeckelbergh’s move away from grounding moral concern in the ontological properties of entities, we suggest that it problematically upholds moral relativism. We suggest that the role of power, as described by Arendt and Foucault, is significant in social relations and as curating moral possibilities. This produces a clearer picture of the relations at hand and opens up the possibility that relations may be deemed violent. Violence as such gives us some way of evaluating the morality of a social relation, moving away from Coeckelbergh’s seeming relativism while retaining his emphasis on social–historical moral precedent.

Implementation of Intelligent Elements in Vibration Diagnostics of CNC Machines

2013 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromir Murčinko ◽  
Zuzana Murčinková
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Vibration Diagnostics ◽  
Cnc Machines

The paper deals with system of global monitoring in technological systems through the use of artificial intelligence elements. The holons and agents are the artificial intelligence elements that can be used for creation of systems for active and continuous control of active members of technological equipments.

State-of-the-art and adoption of artificial intelligence in retailing

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Dominik Weber ◽  
Reinhard Schütte
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The Impact

PurposeIn the most abstract way, artificial intelligence (AI) allows human work to be shifted toward technological systems that are currently not fully capable. Following this, the domain of retail can be sketched as a natural fit for the application of AI tools, which are known for their high proportion of human work and concurrent low profit margins. This paper aims to explore the current dissemination of the application of AI within the industry. The value-added core tasks of retail companies are examined to determine the possible utilization and the market adoption within the globally largest retail companies is given.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses two different approaches to identify the scientific state-of-the-art: a search on the major scientific databases and an empirical study of the ten largest international retail companies and their adoption of AI technologies in the domains of wholesale and retail.FindingsThe application within the different value-added core tasks varies greatly depending on the area. In summary, there are numerous possible applications in all areas. Especially, in areas where future forecasts are needed within the task areas (such as marketing or replenishment), the use of AI, today, is both scientifically and practically highly developed. In contrast, the market adoption of AI is highly variable. The pioneers have integrated extensive applications into everyday business, while the challengers are investing heavily in new initiatives. Some others, however, show neither active use nor any effort to adopt such technology.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the first research contributions to analyze the areas of application and the impact of AI structured along the value-added core processes of retail companies.

Afterword

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-284
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Gandy Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The afterword provides a detailed description of developments in the area of privacy and surveillance after the turn of the century and of the rapid developments in information technology and the monopoly firms like Google, Facebook, Apple, and Amazon, which have come to dominate the flow of information and the appropriation of consumer surplus. Its focus on technological systems includes the expanded internet, with special emphasis on the Internet of Things and the impact of the connections between humans, sensors, and machines. Special attention is paid to transformations in the nature of capitalism, reflected in assessments made by Shoshana Zuboff with regard to its focus on surveillance, and David Lyon and Bernard Harcourt with regard to the role of social media and the exhibitionist culture that it helped to develop. The risks to democratic systems associated with developments in computation and analysis, accelerated through advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, are described in the context of transformations in governance likely to accompany the emergence of an algorithmic Leviathan. At this point, an assessment of Jacques Ellul’s predictions about the future of our democratic systems is provided once again.

scholarly journals AI transparency: a matter of reconciling design with critique

AI & Society ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Hollanek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Black Box ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Theoretical Examination ◽  
Future Action

AbstractIn the late 2010s, various international committees, expert groups, and national strategy boards have voiced the demand to ‘open’ the algorithmic black box, to audit, expound, and demystify artificial intelligence. The opening of the algorithmic black box, however, cannot be seen only as an engineering challenge. In this article, I argue that only the sort of transparency that arises from critique—a method of theoretical examination that, by revealing pre-existing power structures, aims to challenge them—can help us produce technological systems that are less deceptive and more just. I relate the question of AI transparency to the broader challenge of responsible making, contending that future action must aim to systematically reconcile design—as a way of concealing—with critique—as a manner of revealing.

scholarly journals DIGITAL ORTHODONTICS- A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF FUTURISTIC PRACTICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-732
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammed Alassiry ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Virtual Treatment Planning ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Virtual Treatment

The world is going digital and so is the speciality of orthodontics. The knowledge of computers is no longer rudimentary and the application of technology in orthodontics has grown exponentially. Conventional methods of running an orthodontic practice were limited and associated with multiple drawbacks. Owning and running a digital orthodontic practice is the need of the hour and necessity of the future. The aim of this review article is to encourage and promote the orthodontic community to integrate digital elements in their practice. This review article discusses in detail about the various aspects of digital orthodontics involving digital office, study models, three-dimensional imaging, rapid prototyping, virtual treatment planning, artificial intelligence and role of robots. This review article provides an insight into the capabilities and clinical application on currently available digital orthodontic technological systems.

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