Ground Transportation: Road and Rail

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Railroad Tracks ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Thin Structure ◽  
Main Disadvantage

Everything that rolls along the ground uses energy to overcome both rolling resistance and air resistance. Air resistance is more significant at higher speeds. Repeated accelerations dominate energy use in stop–start city driving. Not surprisingly, heavy, large SUVs use more energy to go a given distance than lighter, more streamlined cars. Due to the mismatch between the torque required and the rotation rate of the drive wheels, internal combustion engines in cars or trucks do not operate at their peak efficiency. Trains are the most efficient form of ground transportation due to both the lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on railroad tracks and the lower air resistance of its long and thin structure. A further advantage is that rail with fixed tracks can take advantage of the efficient generation of electrical energy. This is also obviously the main disadvantage; trains can only go where tracks have been laid.

scholarly journals Fuel Cells: The Next Evolution

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Lashway
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin highlight the enormous potential of fuel cells for generating electricity using multiple fuels and crossing a wide range of applications. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy, and as a powergeneration module, they can be viewed as a continuously operating battery.They take in air (or pure oxygen, for aerospace or undersea applications) and hydrocarbon or hydrogen fuel to produce direct current at various outputs. The electrical output can be converted and then connected to motors to generate much cleaner and more fuelefficient power than is possible from internal combustion engines, even when combined with electrical generators in today's hybrid engines. The commercialization of these fuel cell technologies is contingent upon additional advances in materials science that will suit the aggressive electrochemical environment of fuel cells (i.e., both reducing an oxidizing) and provide ionic and electrical conductance for thousands of hours of operation.

scholarly journals Transport emissions and electric mobility in private transport in the Republic of Slovenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Simon Muhič ◽  
Mladen Bošnjaković
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Energy Chain

Since the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol more and more emphasis is laid on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The article analyses the feasibility of introducing electric vehicles into traffic rather than vehicles with internal combustion engines. From standpoint of emission sources use of electricity for transport is analysed with stress on private cars and typical emissions from power sector by energy conversion in Slovenia. Results of research shows that electric car has a little more than twice better efficiency of the primary energy use, taking into account only efficiency in the energy chain. Electric mobility brings a more efficient use of energy in road transport with demand to reduce emission at power generation. So presented number can vary greatly, depending on the electrical energy source. In the present research problems connected with immediate initiation of the electric cars are not analysed.

scholarly journals A Review of Recent Research on the Use of R1234yf as an Environmentally Friendly Fluid in the Organic Rankine Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5864
Author(s):  
Juan J. García-Pabón ◽  
Dario Méndez-Méndez ◽  
Juan M. Belman-Flores ◽  
Juan M. Barroso-Maldonado ◽  
Ali Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Selection Of

ORC technology is one of the most promising technologies for the use of residual energy in the generation of electrical energy, offering simple and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this field, the selection of working fluids plays an important role in the operation of the cycle, whether in terms of the energy efficiency or the minimization of environmental impacts. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the use of R1234yf refrigerant and its mixtures as working fluids in ORC systems. These fluids are used in low- and medium-temperature applications for the use of residual energy generated from solar energy, geothermal energy, and internal combustion engines. It was concluded that R1234yf and its mixtures are competitive as compared with conventional refrigerants used in ORC.

scholarly journals New Hybrid Turbochargers Solutions for Special Military Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Rareş-Lucian Chiriac ◽  
Anghel Chiru ◽  
Ovidiu Condrea
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Military Vehicles ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe internal combustion engines performance can be increase. The residual gases can be recovered through turbo charging systems because is an important reserve of exhaust gas energy, which can be capitalized. The turbo charging solution is one of the most popular technical solutions for increasing the energy performance of internal combustion engines. The solutions proposed for the theoretical and experimental research is the hybrid turbocharger. The hybrid turbocharger has a double function: to compress the fresh air and to generate electric energy for the vehicle. The compressed fresh air is compress by the rotor wheel of the compressor. The generator which produces the electrical energy is linearly coupled to the rotor on the compressor shaft outside zone. The electrical energy can be used for consumption of the military vehicles or can be stored in to the battery of the vehicle. The military vehicle must have a internal combustion engine or a hybrid engine equipped with a hybrid turbocharger. The article aim is to present the results of the hybrid turbocharger. The simulation was realised with the AMESim Software developed by Siemens. To simulate the exhaust gas energy was used a CIMAT test bed which can provides high pressure air.

scholarly journals Consideration regarding the reduction of pollutions emissions by increasing energy efficiency in ship operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Lucian Mihail Dumitrache ◽  
Nicolae Buzbuchi ◽  
Cătălin Faităr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Computing Technique ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Over Time

The use of experimental investigation techniques in the research of internal combustion engines has contributed substantially to their progress and development over time. The performances obtained in the development of modern engines have been strongly influenced by the emergence and development of the investigation equipment, especially the laser and the modern computing technique. Maritime transport generates about 4% of the total CO2 emissions produced by human activities, which means that its carbon value is almost as large as that of Germany. Emissions from this sector are not yet internationally regulated, but this issue is currently being debated within the IMO and the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC). Of the strategies to reduce pollutant emissions from ships, identified so far, the technical solutions are the first ones that have been implemented on board. The advantage of using technical solutions onboard ships is the high efficiency of reducing a product or several pollutant products, but the main disadvantage is the high cost of implementing and operating them on board ships.

scholarly journals Energy Conversion Options for Energy-efficient Controlled Environment Agriculture

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
Norman R. Scott ◽  
Corinne Johnson Rutzke ◽  
Louis D. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Controlled Environment Agriculture ◽  
Conversion Technologies

One of the deterrents to the commercial adoption of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) on a broad scale is the significant energy cost for lighting and thermal environmental control. Advances in energy conversion technologies, such as internal combustion engines (ICs), microturbines and fuel cells, offer the potential for combined heat and power (CHP) systems, which can be matched with the needs of CEA to reduce fossil-based fuels consumption. A principal concept delineated is that an integrated entrepreneurial approach to create business and community partnerships can enhance the value of energy produced (both electrical and heat). Energy production data from a commercial dairy farm is contrasted with energy use data from two greenhouse operations with varying energy-input requirements. Biogass produced from a 500-cow dairy combined with a 250-kW fuel cell could meet nearly all of the energy needs of both the dairy and an energy-intensive 740-m2 CEA greenhouse lettuce facility. The data suggest CEA greenhouses and other closely compatible enterprises can be developed to significantly alter agriculture, as we have known it.

scholarly journals Problems Related to Gasification of Biomass—Properties of Solid Pollutants in Raw Gas

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Najser ◽  
Petr Buryan ◽  
Sergej Skoblia ◽  
Jaroslav Frantik ◽  
Jan Kielar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Steam Generation

Nowadays, thermochemical biomass conversion appears to be a very promising way to process heat and steam generation, for use in a cogeneration unit engine, or for example in gas turbines producing electrical energy. The biggest problem regarding using the syngas in internal combustion engines, are pollutants, which have quite an inauspicious influence on their proper working. This article deals with the establishment of the distribution size of solid particles captured by the fiber filters in the syngas with a suitable cleaning design. Gas was produced in the fixed-bed “Imbert” type generator. Filter cake, which contained pollutants, was captured on a filter and then analyzed. Based on single total solid particles (TSP) components, we conclude that this includes its partial elimination.

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