Influence of Distributor Parameters on the Quality of Fertilizer Scattering in the Under-foot Space

The aim of the work is to substantiate the geometric parameters of the distributor, which are able to provide the maximum range of fertilizer particles in the subclavian space, based on the analysis of all factors affecting the material particles during their transportation to the surface of the distributor. The result of research is to achieve a uniform distribution of fertilizers on the width of the capture and, accordingly, on the area. It is known that the particles of material sent in accordance with the given trajectories in the pre-provided areas of the surface of the furrow formed by the working body, in contact with the soil are significantly redistributed and the meaning of the traditional approach to uniformity is completely lost. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that for placing fertilizers in the soil, in most cases, flat-cutting working bodies are used. For normal operation, in terms of deepening into the ground, they must be installed with a forward tilt at an angle of up to 3°. As a result, the bottom of the furrow, which they form, acquires a conical shape with a slope to the center. In this case, it becomes obvious that the material must be fed not evenly across the width of the working body, and most of it to be directed at a clearly defined distance in the direction perpendicular to its axis. The numerical value of this distance is determined by the nature of the redistribution of the granules as a result of contact with the soil. In the process of rolling the granules or particles to the center, the uniformity of distribution will be restored. In this case, it becomes obvious that the material must be fed not evenly across the width of the working body, and most of it to be directed at a clearly defined distance in the direction perpendicular to its axis. The numerical value of this distance is determined by the nature of the redistribution of the granules as a result of contact with the soil. In the process of rolling the granules or particles to the center, the uniformity of distribution will be restored. In this regard, there is a need to solve the problem of ensuring the maximum range of particles in the transverse direction using the simplest geometry of the distributor surface. In our opinion, such a surface can be a prism. In the article the results of theoretical research of process of portage and distributing of granules of mineral fertilizers are resulted after a reflection from the plane of reflection in sub paw space of trivial cutting of working organ. Geometrical parameters and corners of location of reflecting plane are grounded. The obtained dependences allow to reasonably establish geometrical parameters of the distributor which will provide the set range of flight of particles of material for working bodies of various width of capture and to reach desirable result taking into account laws of their redistribution at contact with soil.

Mathematical Modeling of the Process of Operation of the Drying Chamber of a Tower Grain Dryer With a Suction Air Flow

In the article, a drying scheme in a tower grain dryer has been developed, equations for the conservation of energy and material balance for grain, equations for mass transfer and heat transfer between the drying agent and grain have been drawn up. On their basis, analytical dependences of changes in the temperature and moisture content of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent along and in the width of the drying channel were obtained, depending on the operating parameters (the value of rarefaction in the drying channel, the speed of grain movement along the drying channel, the speed of movement of the drying agent, the initial temperatures of the grain and drying agent, initial moisture content of grain, as well as initial moisture content of drying agent). Their analysis facilitates the work in choosing the optimal mode. The developed analytical dependences of changes in the main drying parameters (moisture and temperature of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent) along the length and width of the drying channel in tower dryers with suction air flow make it possible to link the main operating parameters, which facilitate the choice of rational drying modes.

Study of a Two-section Mixer for the Preparation of Balanced Mixtures on Cattle Farms

Improving of livestock industry efficiency significantly depends on quality of feed preparation, as they are in cost structure of products are 30-60% of costs. Advanced technologies that allow to fully realize genetic potential of animals, due to the lack of necessary technical support have not become widespread. The experience of using intensive full-system technologies for livestock production shows that, along with reliable and balanced provision of farms with high quality feeds, traditional feeding systems are being improved, which are aimed at the development of economically efficient mechanized feed processing technologies and the preparation of full-range and balanced feed mixtures. Existing designs of feed mixers for cattle do not fully meet the zootechnical requirements for the preparation of multicomponent balanced complete feed mixtures, have high energy costs and high specific material consumption. Therefore, research aimed at developing working bodies for feed mixers, which will ensure the creation of a highly efficient feed base at low energy and material costs are of economic importance and is an urgent scientific task. In the article on the basis of the conducted researches the basic constructive-technological scheme of the effective single-shaft two-section mixer for realization of process of preparation of balanced mixes for cattle executed in the form of the horizontally located cylindrical case with the combined mixer consisting of section of screw tapes and flat blades (left and right) direction of inclination, the working surface of which is located at an angle of 45… 500 to the axis of the shaft and is equipped with radial fingers. The purpose of experimental research was to establish identification of developed mathematical models and adequacy of research results of proposed feed mixer and determine impact of basic parameters and modes of its operation on quality process. Аchieve this goal, mutual influence of simultaneous changes in speed of agitator shaft, width of flat blade angle of blade to axis of agitator shaft and duration of feed mixing on quality process: homogeneity of mixture and drive power of mixer shaft. Theoretical studies of the process of preparation of a balanced complete ration mixture confirmed the advantage of the developed design of the combined two-section mixer and increased the quality index (homogeneity of the mixture) to 98%

Morphological Characteristics and Physical & Mechanical Properties of seeds of small-seeded crops

To create a database and systematize the seeds of samples of small-seeded crops, it is necessary to determine the patterns of influence of morphological parameters on their physical and mechanical properties. The development of the latest technologies and technical devices for cleaning and separation is possible due to the understanding of the characteristic morphological parameters for each of the small-seeded crops. The aim of the research is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the seed material of small-seeded crops (mustard, flax, ryegrass, rapeseed), necessary to increase the efficiency of their cleaning and separation processes. To achieve this goal, a plan of experimental research was developed, which provided for the determination of physical and mechanical parameters of seeds of small-seeded crops, namely: indicators that characterize the flowability of seeds (angle of natural bias); frictional properties of seeds (static coefficient of friction); porosity (density) and density; size and mass characteristics of seeds (length, width, thickness, effective diameter, weight of 1000 seeds). It is established that the physical and mechanical properties of seeds of small-seeded crops are greatly influenced by its humidity. With increasing humidity, the performance of the test material increases. This is due to the fact that with increasing humidity, the shape of the seed almost turns into a spherical, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the curvature of the surface and reduce the points of contact between the seeds. As a result, the angle of natural inclination increases. The coefficient of friction of seeds of small-seeded crops depends on the roughness of the friction surface and decreases with increasing humidity. This is due to the fact that with increasing humidity decreases the forces of molecular attraction of the seed coat to the surface of the material. Seed density increases with increasing humidity. From this we can conclude that the absorption of moisture by the investigated material increases the total weight of the seed, and as a result - increases its specific weight.

The Load-carrying Capacity and Power Consumption of Body Machines for Applying Solid Organic Fertilizers

The research is aimed at improving the technological process of applying solid organic fertilizers by means of body machines through determining power consumption and specific power for the drive of the working parts from the power take-off shaft of the tractor and, in general, for the operation of machines depending on their load-carrying capacity. The correlation of the power consumption with load-carrying capacity is taken as the specific power. The research covered body machines produced by the enterprises of the former Soviet Union and by “Strautimann” and “KUHN” companies. Between the consumption power of machines of different producers and with various load-carrying capacity one can observe the positive correlation link with the correlation coefficient ranging from 0.560 to 0.963 under the correlation ratio amounting from 0.877 to 0.961. Between the specific power of machines and their load-carrying capacity we have revealed the negative correlation link with determined correlation coefficients and correlation ratios. Depending on the load-carrying capacity of machines produced at the enterprises of the former Soviet Union the change in the gear power of the working parts of the power take-off shaft from the tractor is described by the equation of the advanced incasing power function. The change in the consumption power for the operation of machines produced by “Strautmann” company depending on the loading-capacity of machines is described by the equation of the direct with positive angular coefficient; and for the operation of machines produced by “KUHN” company – by the equation of the accelerated increasing exponent. The change in the specific power on the gear of the working parts from the tractor power take-off shaft which is produced in the former Soviet Union depending on the load-carrying capacity of machines is described by the equation of the decreasing hyperbola. The change in the specific power in the work of machines produced by “Strautmann” company depending on the load-carrying capacity of machines is described by the equation of the direct with negative value of the angular coefficient. As concerns the machines produced by “KUHN” company this change is described by the equation of the decreasing hyperbola. The research results can be used for designing and constructing body machines for spreading solid organic fertilizers, the calculation of the composition and complete equipment of the corresponding machine and tractor units, and the organization of their use in the technological processes of farm crop mechanized production.

Formation of a High-speed Mode of Vibration Displacement of Grain During Heat Treatment

The article compiled and solved a system of differential equations of motion of a material point along a porous (air-permeable) surface, which is inclined at an angle to the horizon. Based on the analysis of solutions to this system of differential equations, it is proposed to change the speed of grain movement by the frequency of oscillations of the support surface, the angle of inclination of the support surface to the horizon and the coefficient of friction. Also, the graphical dependences of the speed of grain movement on the angle of inclination of the support surface to the horizon, the coefficient of friction and the frequency of oscillations were obtained. The possibility of decelerating the vibration movement of grain by an air flow, which is fed from the bottom of the porous support surface against (at an angle) the direction of grain movement, as well as using an asymmetrically corrugated support surface with vertical perforations, is theoretically substantiated. A linear regression dependence of the change in the vibration displacement speed has been experimentally determined, which makes it possible to form the required speed mode of vibration displacement of grain by changing the parameters: the inclination of the vibrating plane is 50 ÷ 90, the vibration frequency is 45 ÷ 55 s-1, the air flow speed is 0.1 ÷ 2 m/s in optimal operating modes. installations for high-intensity heat treatment of grain with a vibratory conveyor.

Technical and Technological Support of Drip Irrigation of Vegetable Crops

The article proposes a scheme of drip irrigation for growing vegetables in the backyard. In the conditions of change of climatic conditions, the question of lack of moisture sharply arises. For growing vegetables in areas of risky agriculture, irrigation is an important condition for obtaining high yields. In order to increase the technological efficiency of growing vegetables at the department of general agriculture of the Central Ukrainian National Technical University developed a prototype of a drip irrigation system for vegetables. A series of studies was conducted to provide moisture to the site and preserve soil air exchange. With the use of conventional irrigation, possible negative consequences in the form of soil flooding, the root system of plants is not able to develop evenly and is deficient in oxygen. The calculation and the scheme of drip irrigation of tape type are offered. In the proposed design for drip irrigation of the area under vegetable crops used a container with water to provide a small constant water pressure in the strips. This made it possible to water as needed, as well as to use a solution tank to feed the plants, protect them from stress, improve development and increase yields. The use of drip splicing allowed the first fruits to appear a decade earlier and increase yields by 25-50%. The use of drip tape irrigation system on the experimental plots allowed to increase the quantity and quality of tomato harvest. Also, the use of drip irrigation allowed to maintain the optimal water-physical regime in the root layer of the soil, which created the conditions for a better harvest. Thus, with the change of climatic situation, most of the Kirovohrad region was looking for in the zone of risky agriculture. Drip irrigation has an almost universal application, is effective in intensive technologies for growing crops and ornamental crops, as well as in garden areas, when the condition of the plant largely depends on the accuracy of maintaining the humidity and nutrition of plants.

Before Creating the Concept of the «Ideal» Grain Separator Sieve

The article presents considerations for creating conditions for the intensification of the process of grain separation by geometric features. The review of constructions and the analysis of work of known sieve surfaces from a position of possibility of maintenance of high indicators of technological efficiency at the expense of acceleration of orientation of particles concerning sieve apertures is carried out. It is established that the most favorable orientation conditions are provided by the surfaces formed by longitudinal elements of small cross-section of streamlined shape, which minimize the possibility of placing particles on them in positions of stable equilibrium. Theoretical possibilities of increasing the living cross-sectional areas and live cross-sectional coefficients of sieve canvases without cross-sections are revealed. The dependences of the total width of the longitudinal sections and the coefficient of the living cross section of the sieves on the width of the longitudinal sections for different sieves are given. This makes it possible to visually assess the need to increase the living cross section of the sieves by reducing the width of the longitudinal sections that form them. A significant reduction in the width of the partitions is possible due to the use of new materials - braided cords made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene type Spectra / Dyneema, which provide high mechanical strength and wear resistance with «absolute» inextensibility.

Technological Features of the Manufacture of Disk Working Bodies of Tillage and Seeding Machines

The purpose of this study is to improve the technology of manufacturing spherical disk working bodies of tillage machines to increase their wear resistance and strength. The world's leading manufacturers achieve high wear resistance and strength of discs made of boron-containing steels both in their chemical composition and the choice of rational heat treatment technology. Experimental studies of 30MnB5 steel parts revealed that heating for 15 minutes to a temperature of 850°C and quenching in water was sufficient to achieve maximum hardness values. To prevent hardness reduction and to ensure the necessary elasticity and viscosity of the discs, it is recommended to temper at a temperature of 180°C and combine with heat before painting with powder paint. The application of cutting blanks with cutting of depressions along the outer contour of the disk and internal holes on the laser machine, as well as the formation of the finished shape of parts in the process of hot stamping and subsequent heat treatment in quenching dies. 1. The market of disk working bodies of tillage and sowing machines is studied, technological processes of manufacturing of which it is expedient to improve. 2. Theoretical and experimental study of the structure, structure and material properties of samples of spherical disks of imported agricultural machinery. The choice of 30MnB5 pine steel for their production is substantiated. 3. The improved technological process of manufacturing spherical disks is developed. It is recommended to form them by hot stamping in cold dies and intensive hardening in a water bath. 4. The project development of the section of production of disk working bodies of tillage and sowing equipment is carried out.

Substantiation of the Type of Air Switchgear of Pneumomechanical Seed Drills

Fulfillment of requirements of agrotechnics on uniformity of distribution of seeds on the area of feeding completely depends on the correct choice of a design of sowing system. Promising development of designs of row seeders is the use of pneumatic sowing systems, which is a prerequisite for increasing productivity and reducing direct costs during sowing. But, in some cases, such a technical solution leads to an increase in metal consumption of drills, complicates their maintenance. The costs of production and operation of such drills become unjustified. Various types of air switchgears are used to select air from sowing machines in vacuum pneumatic sowing systems and to distribute it over sowing machines in pneumatic sowing systems of excess pressure. Recently, in the designs of most pneumatic seeding systems of domestic and foreign drills used receiver, which has the form of a pipe, the inner cavity of which is connected to the fan. Air ducts of the same length connected to the sowing machines are adjacent to the outer side surface of the receiver. The use of the receiver simplifies the design of the pneumatic seeding system, eliminates the difference in the lengths of the air ducts and reduces their length, which eliminates their inflections in the process of the drill. The conducted researches allowed to establish the dependences, the analysis of which showed that with increasing the number of seeders the unevenness of the differences in the sowing machines increases, which leads to the unevenness of sowing the seeds. For drills with a collector, this is explained by the fact that with increasing uniformity, the variation of air duct lengths and pressure losses in them increases. In this case, an increase in the coefficient of variation of the non-uniformity of propagation is observed when the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the sowing machine decreases, since its value becomes comparable with the coefficient of hydraulic resistance and the non-uniformity of lengths. As the coefficient increases, the effect of the unevenness of the air duct lengths weakens due to the decrease in the fraction of air duct resistance in the total resistance of the pneumatic system. For drills with a receiver, the variation in the level of rarefaction in the receiver increases with increasing uniformity, which leads to uneven distribution in the sowing machines. At the same time, a decrease in the coefficient of variation is observed with an increase in the diameter of the receiver and an increase in the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the sowing machine. The revealed dependence finds its physical explanation in the fact that the increase in the cross-sectional area of the receiver and the reduction of air flow in the seeder leads to a decrease in air flow rate in the receiver, providing a decrease in the amount of air connected to the. Therefore, the static pressure along the entire length of the receiver is equalized. The analysis of dependences also shows that seeders with a receiver with a diameter of more than 70-80 mm have advantages over seeders with a collector in terms of air selection from seed drills. As the previous diameter of the receiver increases, this advantage becomes even more noticeable.