Differential object marking in Hungarian

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Bárány
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
Person Features ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Object Agreement ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Main Factor

This chapter provides an overview of differential object agreement in Hungarian. Finite verbs in Hungarian always agree with the subject in person and number, and sometimes agree with the object. Generally, the trigger of object agreement is argued to be related to definiteness. It is argued that while both syntactic and semantic properties are relevant for determining object agreement, the syntactic structure of the object is the main factor: objects have to be DPs to agree, and can sometimes even be indefinite. The focus is on lexical, third person noun phrases, including common nouns and proper names, and modifiers like numerals, different types of quantifiers. The main claim is that objects that trigger agreement have a person feature, which makes them referential, but objects that do not trigger agreement lack person features.

Syncretism of plural forms in Spanish Dialects

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Mare
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Person Features ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Spanish Dialects

Abstract One of the main discussions about the interaction between morphology and syntax revolves around the richness or poverty of features and wherever this richness/poverty is found either in the syntactic structure or the lexical items. A phenomenon subject to this debate has been syncretism, especially in theories that assume late insertion such as Distributed Morphology. This paper delves into the syncretism observed between the first person plural and the third person in the clitic domain in some Spanish dialects. Our analysis will lead to a revision of the distribution of person features and their relationship with plural number, while at the same time it will shed light on other morphological alternations displayed in Spanish dialects; that is, subject-verb unagreement and mesoclisis in imperatives. In order to explain the behavior of the data under discussion, I propose that lexical items are specified for all the relevant features at the moment of insertion, although the values of these features can be neutralized. I argue that the distribution proposed allows for some fundamental generalizations about the vocabulary inventories in Spanish varieties, and shows that the variation pattern exhibits an *ABA effect, i.e., only contiguous cells in a paradigm are syncretic.

scholarly journals Person, Case, and Agreement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Bárány
Keyword(s):  
Differential Object Marking ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Person Features ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Ditransitive Constructions ◽  
The Way

This monograph discusses the interaction of person features, case-marking, and agreement across languages, and models the variation using parameters and parameter hierarchies. In both inverse agreement and global case splits, the subject and the object determine the form of the verb or case-marking on its arguments together. After proposing a detailed, novel analysis of differential object marking in Hungarian, it is shown that similar agreement alternations and case splits in other languages can be analysed in a uniform way since they both rely on person. Languages differ in the way they grammaticalize person, however, explaining why in some languages definiteness determines agreement and case-marking, while in others animacy does. In this book, both types are analysed as interactions of hierarchically organized person features and the verb. The approach to person features adopted here captures effects of so-called person or animacy hierarchies in syntax by treating different persons as sets of features with different cardinalities, ordered by subset/superset relations. The author relates this analysis to the interaction of Case and agreement, implements existing generalizations about the alignment of case and agreement and discusses a new one: the analysis predicts exactly the attested types of case and agreement alignment in ditransitive constructions, and rules out an unattested one. The book presents data from eight different language families.

Sandawe

2020 ◽  
pp. 681-691
Author(s):  
Helen Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Constituent Order ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
Object Marking

Sandawe (Khoisan, Tanzania) is a highly suffixal language with an intricate system of marking grammatical relations and number. The language makes extensive use of derivation between word classes and uses tone to create genitive noun phrases and distinguish certain clause types. The realis/irrealis distinction is key to understanding the different means of subject marking in Sandawe. Realis verbs allow multiple pronominal subject clitics and a subject focus marker, whereas in the irrealis, the subject is marked only on the verb itself. Aspect marking is achieved by coordinating verbs or through object marking. Conjunctions which are marked for the subject of the clause are used to express consecutive events in narratives. Constituent order is SOV, but preposing and postposing of constituents may take place, according to information structure considerations.

The Pronominal Copula in Arabic

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Choueiri
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Domain Boundary ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Copular Sentences

The literature on the syntax of verbless predication in Arabic is rich, but little attention has been given to the ‘pronominal copula’, PRON. Its main characteristics are well-known: it only takes the form of third person independent pronouns; it is limited to equational sentences, in which the predicate is a definite noun phrase; and it must always occur between the subject and the predicate nominal. A standard view (e.g. Eid 1991, and more recently, Ouhalla 2013) has been to assume that PRON, like its verbal counterpart KN, realizes subject agreement in T. In this paper, I examine the syntax of PRON and review its characteristics in contrast with those of KN. I show that the complex distribution of PRON challenges the standard view and supports an alternative analysis. I propose that equational sentences are underlyingly more complex than predicational verbless sentences: they project an extra functional head F between T and the small clause structure, PredP, in which the non-verbal predicate and its subject are generated. PRON is in FP, while KN is in T. I argue that, because equational sentences involve two elements of the same category, i.e. DP, they are subject to the Distinctness Condition of Richards (2010). FP provides the Spell-Out domain boundary necessary to avoid a Distinctness violation. Finally, I suggest that FP is always headed by a pronominal element that functions as a linker (Philip 2012, Franco et al. 2015), a syntactic head which marks an existing grammatical relation, namely predication, between two DPs. More broadly, my account is in line with the view that the identity/predicational divide in copular sentences corresponds to a difference in syntactic structure.

Mismatching nominals and the small clause hypothesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
PAUL ROGER BASSONG
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Small Clause ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Split Topicalization ◽  
Feature Checking

I propose a comprehensive analysis of what has been commonly referred in the literature to as split, discontinuous noun phrases or split topicalization. Based on data from Basaá, a Narrow Bantu language spoken in Cameroon, I partly capitalize on previous authors such as Mathieu (2004), Mathieu & Sitaridou (2005) and Ott (2015a), who propose that this morphosyntactic phenomenon involves two syntactically unrelated constituents which are only linked semantically in a predication relation in a small clause (Moro 1997, 2000; Den Dikken 1998). According to these analyses, split noun phrases are obtained as a result of predicate inversion across the subject of the small clause. Contrary to/but not against these views, I suggest that what raises in the same context in Basaá is rather the subject of the small clause as a consequence of feature-checking under closest c-command (Chomsky 2000, 2001), and for the purpose of labelling and asymmetrizing an originally symmetric syntactic structure on the surface (Ott 2015a and related work). The fact that the target of movement is the subject and not the predicate of the small clause follows from agreement and ellipsis factors. Given that the subject of predication is a full DP while the predicate is a reduced DP with a null head modifier, the surface word order is attributed to the fact that noun/noun phrase ellipsis is possible if the elided noun is given in the discourse and is recoverable from the morphology of the stranded modifier. This paper offers a theoretical contribution from an understudied language to our understanding of this puzzling nominal construction.

Inverse agreement in Hungarian

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Bárány
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Object A ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Explicit Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
Object Agreement

This chapter turns to object agreement with personal pronouns in Hungarian. Pronouns are interesting because they do not always trigger agreement with the verb: first person objects never trigger object agreement (morphology), and second person pronouns only do with first person singular subjects. It is proposed that the distribution of object agreement is a morphological effect and argues that all personal pronouns do in fact trigger agreement, but agreement is not always spelled out. This means that Hungarian has an inverse agreement system, where the spell-out of agreement is determined by the relative person feature (or person feature sets) of the subject and the object. A formally explicit analysis of the syntax and the morphological spell-out of agreement is provided.

Again on relative clause and subordination in Latin

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gualtiero Calboli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Central Point ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

AbstractI started from the relative clause which occurs in Hittite, and in particular with the enclitic position of the relative pronoun. This is connected with the OV position and this position seems to have been prevailing in Hittite and PIE. The syntactic structure usually employed in Hittite between different clauses is the parataxis. Nevertheless, also the hypotaxis begins to be employed and the best occasion to use it was the diptych as suggested by Haudry, though he didn't consider the most natural and usual diptych: the law, where the crime and the sanction build a natural diptych already in old Hittite. Then I used Justus' and Boley's discussion on the structure of Hittite sentence and found a similarity with Latin, namely the use of an animate subject as central point of a sentence. With verbs of action in ancient languages the subject was normally an animate being, whereas also inanimate subject is employed in modern languages. This seems to be the major difference between ancient and modern structure of a sentence, or, better to say, in Hittite and PIE the subject was an animate being and this persisted a long time, and remained as a tendency in Latin, while in following languages and in classical grammar the subject became a simple nominal “entity” to be predicated and precised with verb and other linguistic instruments. A glance has been cast also to pronouns and particles (sometimes linked together) as instruments of linking nominal variants of coordinate or subordinate clauses and to the development of demonstrative/deictic pronouns. Also in ancient case theory a prevailing position was assured to the nominative case, the case of the subject.

scholarly journals PEMPROFILAN PELAKU TERORIS ANAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Saraswati Saraswati ◽  
Elsafira Maghfiroti Resyanta
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavior Motivation ◽  
Motivation Beliefs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Speaking Style ◽  
Main Factor

The background of this study is to examine the profile of child terrorist and the motivation behind the crime of terrorism in children by using child development theory and sosial ecology theory. This research is a qualitative study using a phenomenology approach. The phenomenology approach aims to describe the meaning of the life experience of a terrorist child so that the level of belief or paradigm of the terrorist child changes, so to learn and understand it must be based on the point of view of a terrorist child as a subject who directly experiences the incident. The subject of this research is a child who commits a terrorist crime. Data collection techniques by conducting deep interviews, observation and documentation study. This research was conducted at the Juvenile Penitentiary Class I Tangerang (LPKA). The results of this study indicate that the profile picture of a child terrorist can be assessed based on the child's speaking style, behavior, motivation, beliefs, and experiences in the past. The main factor for a child committing a terrorist crime comes from the lack of figures and supervision from parents in their teens so that children look for other figures to be used as examples.

scholarly journals Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Multikultural yang Dipengaruhi oleh Kompetensi Komunikasi Guru di Sekolah Dasar Inklusi Trirenggo, Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Dwi Kartikawati ◽  
Djudjur Luciana Rajagukguk ◽  
Yayu Sriwartini
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Character Development ◽  
Regular Group ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Communication Competency ◽  
Teaching Goals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Factor

This research focused on the urgency of teachers’ communication competence in inculcating multicultural values at elementary schools, in this case, the inclusive elementary school of Trirenggo, Yogyakarta. Communication skills are an essential competency for teachers as stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Education No. 16 of 2007 dated May 4th, 2007. Teachers, as communicators, are the main factor in establishing effective communication in the learning process. In this case, a teacher with excellent communication skills would substantially determine a school’s success in the implementation of multicultural values. In order to analyze the subject, this study used a qualitative method, and the data were collected from three respondents from the inclusive elementary school of Trirenggo, Yogyakarta. The results indicated that teachers’ communication competency which consisted of three aspects, i.e. motivation, knowledge, and skills, was urgently required in order to achieve teaching goals. A competent teacher would significantly be able to establish a positive atmosphere and influence among students, thus, enable them to effectively inculcate the designated values. At this school, the multicultural values were integrated into teaching subjects, students’ assessment, specified learning methods, character development, and regular group activities.

scholarly journals SYSTEM OF DERIVATIONAL CHAINS IN RUSSIAN NOUNS: LINGUISTIC AND METHODICAL ASPECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Subbotina ◽  
Venera G. Fatkhutdinova ◽  
Elena I. Koriakowcewa
Keyword(s):  
Language Teaching ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Active Perception ◽  
Systemic Organization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
The Russian Language

The article describes the phenomenon of consistent derivation of words. The concept "word-forming chain" is used for its description in Russian linguistics. The subject of the study is the word-forming chains of nouns as a methodologically relevant means of language teaching. The purpose of the work is to characterize the structural and semantic properties of word-forming chains in the sphere of Russian nouns and to reveal the ways of their systematization. The presentation and the description of derivative groups forming word-building chains is carried out using the system-structural and functional-semantic methods. The study found that the typology of the substantive word-building chains of the Russian language is based on their system-structural reproducibility. The system is formed by binary and polynomial, linear and annular, complete and incomplete chains, as well as the chains that include monomotivated and poly-motivated derivatives. It is proved that the word-forming chain is one of the ways to cognize the systemic organization of the language word-forming level, the morphemic structure of derived words, the idiomatic nature of their semantics, and the linguocultural specifics of linguistic nomination.The purposeful methodical work on the study of consistent derivation as a language phenomenon promotes an active perception of many lexical and grammatical phenomena, as well as the development of the necessary skills of Russian derivative use in speech practice

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