Survey of Subterranean Life

The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198820765.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 43-79

Author(s):

David C. Culver ◽

Tanja Pipan

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Aquatic Insects ◽

Deep Aquifers ◽

Collecting Techniques ◽

Subterranean Species

A wide variety of organisms are found in subterranean habitats and they have varying degrees of dependence and permanence in these habitats. Some species, stygobionts and troglobionts, have an obligate dependence on subterranean habitats, and are found nowhere else. Other species have an obligate dependence on caves and other subterranean habitats, such as bats and aquatic insects, but only spend part of their life cycle in caves (stygoxenes and trogloxenes). Others can spend their life cycle in or out of caves (stygophiles and troglophiles). There are 21 invertebrate orders that have over 50 stygobiotic and troglobiotic species. Among vertebrates, salamanders and especially fishes are also well represented in caves and deep aquifers. Although the information obtained is very informative, very few subterranean species have been maintained successfully in the laboratory. There are a few specialized collecting techniques that are very useful, especially in non-cave subterranean habitats.

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Life cycles of dominant mayflies (Ephemeroptera) on a torrent of the high Bolivian Andes

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v64i1.16946 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 275

Author(s):

Carlos I. Molina ◽

Kenneth P. Puliafico

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Aquatic Insects ◽

High Elevation ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Size Class ◽

Progression Model ◽

Bolivian Andes ◽

Class Frequency ◽

Life Cycle Patterns

The mayflies of the temperate and cold zones have well-synchronized life cycles, distinct cohorts, short emergence and flight periods. In contrast, aquatic insects from the tropical zones are characterized by multivoltine life cycles, “non-discernible cohorts” and extended flight periods throughout the year. This report is the first observation of life cycle patterns made of two species of mayflies on a torrent in the high elevation Bolivian Andes. The samples were taken from four sites and four periods during a hydrological season. The life cycle of each species was examined using size-class frequency analysis and a monthly modal progression model (von Bertalanffy's model) to infer the life cycle synchrony type. These first observations showed a moderately synchronized univoltine life cycle for Andesiops peruvianus (Ulmer, 1920), whereas Meridialaris tintinnabula Pescador and Peters (1987), had an unsynchronized multivoltine life cycle. These results showed that the generalization of all aquatic insects as unsynchronized multivoltine species in the Andean region may not be entirely accurate since there is still a need to further clarify the life cycle patterns of the wide variety of aquatic insects living in this high elevation tropical environment.

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Completing the life cycle: detachment of an aquatic parasite (Arrenurus cuspidator, Hydrachnellae) from an aerial host (Coenagrion puella, Odonata)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z97-084 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 655-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jens Rolff ◽

Andreas Martens

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Aquatic Insects ◽

Suitable Habitat ◽

Water Mites ◽

Egg Deposition ◽

Exact Data ◽

Detachment Rate ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Initial Intensity

Water mites are are very important parasites of aerial stages of aquatic insects. Their larvae parasitize semiaquatic hosts and must detach while the host is in a suitable habitat for reproduction of parasite and host. Therefore, water mites should respond to stimuli indicating this situation. Different stimuli were tested experimentally in the host – parasite system Coenagrion puella – Arrenurus cuspidator in outdoor cages; this method provides exact data on the initial intensity of mite larvae per host. It was found that mites detach during tandem oviposition by the host. The detachment rate does not correlate with the host's sex or with the intensity of mite larvae per host. Ectoparasitic water mites are apparently influenced by the host's condition because mites did not detach from dead hosts even in water. Proximity to water also seems to have an impact: mites exposed at a height of 10 mm above water detached, whereas mites exposed at 25 mm or higher did not. We suggest that detachment of mite larvae is triggered by a group of stimuli associated with the egg-deposition behaviour of the host.

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Life-cycle phenology of some aquatic insects: implications for pond conservation

Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

10.1002/aqc.739 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 559-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Jérôme Cayrou ◽

Régis Céréghino

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Aquatic Insects

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STUDY ON DIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN RAMAUA RESERVOIR OF GWALIOR DISTRICT (M. P.)

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i2.2020.198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 140-146

Author(s):

K. Sharma ◽

R. K. Lodhi ◽

R. J. Rao

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Ecosystem Function ◽

Aquatic Insects ◽

Primary Source ◽

Biotic Factors ◽

Inland Wetlands ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽

Agricultural Site ◽

Scientific Name

Aquatic insects are those which live a part of their life cycle in water. In addition to their significant ecosystem function aquatic insects are also a primary source of food for fishes and amphibians. Inland wetlands of India serve as the habitat for more than 500 species of aquatic insects which are mainly from Ephimeroptera, Odonta and Trichoptera. The study was conducted during early hours of the day from August, 2019 to November 2019. Three sites were selected for the study i.e. vegetation site, agricultural site and disturbed vegetation site. The checklist of recorded aquatic insects is shown with their taxa, order, family and scientific name and common name. Total 24 species of aquatic insects were found in three different sites. The study of population of insects in different sites revealed the fact that the population of aquatic insects was governed by abiotic and biotic factors.

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Are antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage related to biological and autecological characteristics in aquatic insects?

Journal of Limnology ◽

10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1581 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Sanz ◽

Manuel J. López-Rodríguez ◽

Sergio García-Mesa ◽

Cristina Trenzado ◽

Rosa M. Ferrer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Aquatic Insects ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Predator Species ◽

Oxidative State

In this work, we study the oxidative state of nine taxa of aquatic insects [Serratella ignita (Poda, 1761), Ephemera danica Müller, 1764, Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832), Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis, 1827), Perla bipunctata Pictet, 1833, Isoperla morenica Tierno de Figueroa & Luzón-Ortega, 2011, Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794, Gerris sp., and Hydropsyche sp.] in order to determine the relationships between this state and the biological and environmental characteristics of the species studied. The studied taxa are all in the same life cycle stage (nymph/larva), and many of them have different maximum life span potentials. We assess the antioxidant capacity through the determination of the trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity, the ferric-reducing/antioxidant power and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, DT-diaphorase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, to determine the oxidative damage, we examine thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, free malondialdehyde, protein-bound malondialdehyde, total hydroperoxides, and protein hydroperoxides. In summary, we can consider that having predatory feeding habits, having a long-life cycle and living in permanent streams with cold, well-oxygenated waters are related to a proper oxidative state in the insects that we studied. On the other hand, non-exclusive predator species living in temporary streams with warm and poorly oxygenated waters with a short life cycle have a worse oxidative state. Thus, the oxidative state of each species could be defined by an interaction of biological and autecological factors, for which the relative importance is difficult to assess.

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Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156791 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 962-963

Author(s):

Betty Ruth Jones ◽

Steve Chi-Tang Pan

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Snail Host ◽

Complex Life Cycle ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Effective Control ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

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A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100147570 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 346-347

Author(s):

Randolph W. Taylor ◽

Henrie Treadwell

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Physarum Polycephalum ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Wire Screen ◽

Wide Mouth ◽

Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

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