Relative entropy effects on the processing of spoken Romanian verbs

A multitude of studies show the relevance of both inflectional paradigms (word form frequency distributions, i.e., inflectional entropy) and inflectional classes (whole class frequency distributions) for visual lexical processing. Their interplay has also been proven significant, measured as the difference between paradigm and class frequency distributions (relative entropy). Relative entropy effects have now been recorded in nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositional phrases. However, all of these studies used visual stimuli – either written words or picture-naming tasks. The goal of our study is to test whether the effects of relative entropy can also be captured in the auditory modality. Forty young native speakers of Romanian (60% female) living in Serbia as part of the Romanian ethnic minority participated in an auditory lexical decision task. Stimuli were 168 Romanian verbs from two inflectional classes. Verbs were presented in four forms: present and imperfect 1st person singular, present 3rd person plural, and imperfect 2nd person plural. The results show that relative entropy influences both response accuracy and response latency. We discuss alternative operationalizations of relative entropy and how they can help us test hypotheses about the structure of the mental lexicon.

Relative Entropy Effects on the Processing of Spoken Romanian Verbs

A multitude of studies show the relevance of both inflectional paradigms (word form frequency distributions, i.e., inflectional entropy) and inflectional classes (whole class frequency distributions) for visual lexical processing. Their interplay has also been proven significant, measured as the difference between paradigm and class frequency distributions (relative entropy). Relative entropy effects have now been recorded in nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositional phrases. However, all of these studies used visual stimuli — either written words or picture-naming tasks. The goal of our study is to test whether the effects of relative entropy can be captured in the auditory modality as well. Forty young native speakers of Romanian (60% female) living in Serbia as part of the Romanian ethnic minority participated in an auditory lexical decision task. Stimuli were 168 Romanian verbs from two inflectional classes. Verbs were presented in four forms: present and imperfect 1st person singular, present 3rd person plural, and imperfect 2nd person plural. The results show that relative entropy influences both response accuracy and response latency. We discuss alternative operationalizations of relative entropy and how they can help us test hypotheses about the structure of the mental lexicon.

Another approach on elaborating frequency tables using GAUSS´s normal distribution theory

The correct organization of data is of extreme importance for the analysis in the process of statistical inference, aiming at the elaboration of valid conclusions and generic recommendations on a certain subject under study. The specialized scientific literature describes several procedures for the organization of data in frequency distribution tables. However, it is not often that inaccuracies are made in the use of data organization tools. These inaccuracies have resulted in distorted analyzes and incongruous conclusions. This paper presents a critical analysis of the methods and procedures of data organization described in the literature, specifically the distribution of data in frequency distribution tables and proposes a different approach in the elaboration of class frequency distribution tables. For all variables with predefined categories, these and their respective reference values serve as the body of the table. For the variables that do not have pre-defined categories, the use of Gauss’s normal distribution theory as a criterion for categorization is proposed and justified. The categories generated serve as a table body. It is concluded that the frequency distribution tables can be distinguished into two types, that is, frequency distribution tables of predefined classes or categories and tables of frequency distribution of classes or categories to be defined, thus suggesting their adoption as concept.

Perbandingan Metode Term Weighting terhadap Hasil Klasifikasi Teks pada Dataset Terjemahan Kitab Hadis

Hadis adalah sumber rujukan agama Islam kedua setelah Al-Qur’an. Teks Hadis saat ini diteliti dalam bidang teknologi untuk dapat ditangkap nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya secara pegetahuan teknologi. Dengan adanya penelitian terhadap Kitab Hadis, pengambilan informasi dari Hadis tentunya membutuhkan representasi teks ke dalam vektor untuk mengoptimalkan klasifikasi otomatis. Klasifikasi Hadis diperlukan untuk dapat mengelompokkan isi Hadis menjadi beberapa kategori. Ada beberapa kategori dalam Kitab Hadis tertentu yang sama dengan Kitab Hadis lainnya. Ini menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa dokumen Kitab Hadis tertentu yang memiliki topik yang sama dengan Kitab Hadis lain. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode term weighting yang dapat memilih kata mana yang harus memiliki bobot tinggi atau rendah dalam ruang Kitab Hadis untuk optimalisasi hasil klasifikasi dalam Kitab-kitab Hadis. Penelitian ini mengusulkan sebuah perbandingan beberapa metode term weighting, yaitu: Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Frequency (TF-IDF-ICF), Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Space Density Frequency (TF-IDF-ICSδF), dan Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Space Density Frequency Inverse Hadith Space Density Frequency (TF-IDF-ICSδF-IHSδF). Penelitian ini melakukan perbandingan hasil term weighting terhadap dataset Terjemahan 9 Kitab Hadis yang diterapkan pada mesin klasifikasi Naive Bayes dan SVM. 9 Kitab Hadis yang digunakan, yaitu: Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Abu Dawud, at-Turmudzi, an-Nasa'i, Ibnu Majah, Ahmad, Malik, dan Darimi. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa hasil klasifikasi menggunakan metode term weighting TF-IDF-ICSδF-IHSδF mengungguli term weighting lainnya, yaitu mendapatkan Precission sebesar 90%, Recall sebesar 93%, F1-Score sebesar 92%, dan Accuracy sebesar 83%.Comparison of a term weighting method for the text classification in Indonesian hadithHadith is the second source of reference for Islam after the Qur’an. Currently, hadith text is researched in the field of technology for capturing the values of technology knowledge. With the research of the Book of Hadith, retrieval of information from the hadith certainly requires the representation of text into vectors to optimize automatic classification. The classification of the hadith is needed to be able to group the contents of the hadith into several categories. There are several categories in certain Hadiths that are the same as other Hadiths. Shows that there are certain documents of the hadith that have the same topic as other Hadiths. Therefore, a term weighting method is needed that can choose which words should have high or low weights in the Hadith Book space to optimize the classification results in the Hadith Books. This study proposes a comparison of several term weighting methods, namely: Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Frequency (TF-IDF-ICF), Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Space Density Frequency (TF-IDF-ICSδF) and Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency Inverse Class Space Density Frequency Inverse Hadith Space Density Frequency (TF-IDF-ICSδF-IHSδF). This research compares the term weighting results to the 9 Hadith Book Translation dataset applied to the Naive Bayes classification engine and SVM. 9 Books of Hadith are used, namely: Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Abu Dawud, at-Turmudzi, an-Nasa’i, Ibn Majah, Ahmad, Malik, and Darimi. The trial results show that the classification results using the TF-IDF-ICSδF-IHSδF term weighting method outperformed another term weighting, namely getting a Precession of 90%, Recall of 93%, F1-Score of 92%, and Accuracy of 83%.

Lexicon-based emotion analysis in Turkish

In this paper, we proposed a lexicon for emotion analysis in Turkish for six emotional categories happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, and surprise. Besides, we also investigated the effects of a lemmatizer and a stemmer, two term-weighting schemes, four lexicon enrichment methods, and a term selection approach for lexicon construction. To do this, we generated Turkish emotion lexicon based on a dataset, TREMO, containing 25,989 documents. We then preprocessed the documents to obtain dictionary and stem forms of each term using a lemmatizer and a stemmer. Afterwards, we proposed two different weighting schemes where term frequency, term-class frequency and mutual information (MI) values for six emotion categories are taken into consideration. We then enriched the lexicon by using bigram and concept hierarchy methods, and performed term selection for efficiency issues. Then, we compared the performance of lexicon-based approach with machine learning based approach by using our proposed lexicon. The experiments showed that the use of the proposed lexicon efficiently produces comparable results in emotion analysis in Turkish text.

Rose diagrams and statistical tests for archaeological orientation data: a case applied to the Southfleet Road Elephant site, Ebbsfleet, UK

Archaeologists and other fieldworkers frequently record the orientation of artefacts or faunal remains in order to understand depositional and post-depositional processes. However, analysis of this kind of data is complex and not always well-understood by investigators. For example, rose diagrams are commonly used to display orientation data. While rose diagrams are a useful and intuitive way of visualizing the data, they are not on their own sufficient except in cases where preferential orientation is very evident. Class frequency, rather than the square root of class frequency, is commonly used to interpret the results. This can give a misleading impression of preferential orientation, when in fact observed patterns do not deviate significantly from random. Conversely, data may deviate significantly from random but this may not be clear from the diagram. At the same time, classic tests like the chi-square test are not appropriate for the display of circular data and alternative approaches are needed. This paper discusses the history of the use of rose diagrams to display orientation data, briefly reviews the archaeological literature in this regard, and discusses key problems and limitations. We then make some recommendations for best practice, which we demonstrate using R software for the Lower Palaeolithic “elephant butchery site” at Southfleet Road, Ebbsfleet, UK, excavated in 2004. The methods employed are clearly explained and all data are provided to ensure that the procedure is easily repeatable without specialist knowledge or programming experience.

Analisis Dampak Implementasi Model Hybrid Learning pada Matakuliah Kewarganegaraan

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of implementing the hybrid learning model on civic education course. This study was classroom action research using a model developed by Kemmis andTaggart consisting of 2 cycles. This study was conducted at the second semester students of EducationAdministration Study program in academic year 2016/2017. The results of this study were (1) there is anincrease in students learning motivation towards the application of the hybrid learning model in civic education course of the Educational Administration study program which is indicated by the level of attendance of students in class, frequency of learning and activeness of students in discussions, asking questions and responding. These results are obtained through classroom observations and activity reports recorded on the learning portal. 2) The application of the hybrid learning model in the civic education course provides significant benefits to students’ motivation which is indicated by the average score of the results of the students questionnaire 3.80 categorized into "good category". 3) There is an increase in students learning outcomes in the civic education course which is originally 60.13 to 70.26.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak penerapan model pembelajaran hybrid pada kursus pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan menggunakan model yang dikembangkan oleh Kemmis dan Taggart yang terdiri dari 2 siklus. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester dua program Studi Administrasi Pendidikan pada tahun akademik 2016/2017. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) ada peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa terhadap penerapan model pembelajaran hybrid dalam kursus pendidikan kewarganegaraan dari program studi Administrasi Pendidikan yang ditunjukkan oleh tingkat kehadiran siswa di kelas, frekuensi belajar dan keaktifan siswa dalam diskusi, mengajukan pertanyaan dan menanggapi . Hasil ini diperoleh melalui observasi kelas dan laporan kegiatan yang dicatat pada portal pembelajaran. 2) Penerapan model pembelajaran hybrid dalam kursus pendidikan kewarganegaraan memberikan manfaat yang signifikan terhadap motivasi siswa yang ditunjukkan oleh skor rata-rata hasil angket siswa 3,80 yang dikategorikan ke dalam "kategori baik". 3) Ada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dalam kursus pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang awalnya 60,13 menjadi 70,26.

Melihat Kondisi Kesetimbangan Ekologi Terumbu Karang di Pulau Sempu, Malang Menggunakan Pendekatan Luasan Koloni Karang Keras (Scleractinia)

ABSTRAKPulau Sempu adalah satu-satunya cagar alam yang berada di Kabupaten Malang yang memiliki terumbu karang dengan luasan kurang dari 10 ha yang mampu bertahan dari banyaknya ancaman yang berpotensi merusaknya. Faktor lingkungan secara alamiah telah menyeleksi keanekaragaman diwilayah perairan P. Sempu, yakni hanya 9 life form karang keras yang berperan sebagai penyangga ekosistem terumbu karang di wilayah ini. Mengetahui distribusi ukuran koloni karang sama pentingnya mengetahui umur koloni karang keras untuk melihat kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang pada suatu perairan. Klas frekuensi koloni karang keras akan memberikan informasi mengenai kemampuan kompetisi, masa pubersitas dan tentu kemampuan regenerasi. Pengambilan data luasan karang dilakukan di 4 stasium (Watu Mejo 1, Watu Mejo 2, Teluk Semut 1 dan Teluk Semut 2) menggunakan kuadrat transek 1 x 1 m sepanjang 50 m pada kedalaman 5m. Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan luasan total tertinggi pada Acropora Branching (ACB) adalah 145.811,67 cm2 dan terenda pada karang jamur (CMR) 414,35 cm2. Life form karang dapat dijadikan rujukan awal menilai kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang. Dominan karang dengan life form massive dapat diartikan kawasan tersebut memiliki kondisi lingkungan yang penuh tekanan semisal sedimentasi tinggi, arus kuat maupun sering terekspos udara. Ukuran karang di P. Sempu rerata menunjukkan > 5 cm2 yang berarti sudah dewasa dan mampu melakukan reproduksi, sedangkan rekruitmen sangat rendah dengan indikasi sedikitnya jumlah luasan karang kurang dari 4 cm2.Kata kunci: cagar alam, bentuk pertumbuhan, reproduksi, konservasi, karang kerasABSTRACTThe abundance of coral reef in Sempu Island nature reserve was under 10 ha, in which they were a winner from environment and human threats. The environment has big role to select scleractinian coral in this area that resulted 9 coral life form as the main foundation of coral reef in Sempu nature reserve area. Knowing the coral size distribution as important to know of coral age in term determining the health of coral reef ecosystem. Class frequency of colony size gave the key information of coral competition, puberty and regeneration ability. We choose 4 station (Watu Mejo 1, Watu Mejo 2, Teluk Semut 1 dan Teluk Semut 2) to take data. Data colony size was taken by 1 x1 m quadrat along 50 m in 5 m depth. The highest colony size was Acropora branching (ACB) about 145,811.67 cm2 and the lowest one was mushroom coral (CMR) about 414.35 cm2. Life form of coral can be early detection of coral reef health. Dominance of massive coral means the coral reef under the high sedimentation, strong current or exposed by air frequently. The coral colony size in Sempu nature reserve showed > 5 cm2 that indicate they were in maturity and have capability for reproduction but the coral recruitment was very low due to few number of coral has less than 4 cm2 in colony size.Keywords: nature reserve, life form, reproduction, conservation, coralCitation: Luthfi, O.M., Rahmadita, V.L., dan Setyohadi, D. (2018). Melihat Kondisi Kesetimbangan Ekologi Terumbu Karang di Pulau Sempu, Malang Menggunakan Pendekatan Luasan Koloni Karang Keras (Scleractinia). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(1), 1-8, doi:10.14710/jil.16.1.1-8