The Experience of Childhood

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198823384.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bernard Capp

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Sibling Rivalry ◽

Older Children ◽

Parental Preferences ◽

Family Issues ◽

General Preference ◽

The One ◽

Brothers And Sisters

The chapter sets out the gendered context of childhood, on family issues such as the education and behaviour deemed appropriate for boys and girls, and what level of freedom they might enjoy. It explores parental preferences in terms of both gender and birth order, and shows that despite a general preference for boys, many couples hoped for children of both sexes. The analysis then addresses the issue of individual favouritism. While the eldest son was often favoured, other parents showered affection on their youngest, or the one closest in temperament. Parental favouritism was a major factor in sibling rivalry, with resentment over issues such as inheritance directed both at parents and the favoured siblings. The chapter ends by exploring the contrasting evidence of close childhood bonds, and striking examples of the care and protection provided by older children towards younger brothers and sisters.

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Concept of Rivalry in D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature ◽

10.47012/jjmll.12.4.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 443-454

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Attachment Theory ◽

Sibling Rivalry ◽

Oedipus Complex ◽

The Other ◽

The Novel ◽

Men And Women ◽

Qualitative Pattern ◽

The One ◽

Theory Competition

Sons and Lovers (1913) is one of D.H. Lawrence’s most prominent novels in terms of psychological complexities characteristic of most, if not all, of his other novels. Many studies have been conducted on the Oedipus complex theory and psychological relationship between men and women in Lawrence’s novels reflecting the early twentieth century norms of life. This paper reexamines Sons and Lovers from the perspective of rivalry based on Alfred Adler’s psychological studies. The discussion tackles the sibling rivalry between the members of the Morels and extends to reexamining the rivalry between other characters. This concept is discussed in terms of two levels of relationships. First, between Paul and William as brothers on the one hand, and Paul and father and mother, on the other. Second, the rivalry triangle of Louisa, Miriam and Mrs. Morel. The qualitative pattern of the paper focuses on the textual analysis of the novel to show that Sons and Lovers can be approached through the concept of rivalry and sibling Rivalry. Keywords: Attachment theory, Competition, Concept of Rivalry, Favoritism, Sibling rivalry.

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Selective trust in young children and distracted adults: halo-effects outweigh rational choices

10.31234/osf.io/fr84t ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jonas Hermes ◽

Franziska Brugger ◽

hannes rakoczy ◽

Tanya Behne

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Cognitive Strategies ◽

Dual Process ◽

Cognitive Resources ◽

Older Children ◽

Selective Trust ◽

Rational Choices ◽

Cognitive Foundations ◽

The One ◽

The Individual

Research has shown that young children are selective in whom they trust, for example, learning selectively from the previously more reliable sources. To explain what cognitive foundations this capacity may build upon, is has recently been proposed that children recruit different kinds of cognitive strategies. These may include, on the one hand, simple heuristics such as favoring the overall better protagonist or those who score high on a salient, accessible characteristic, and, on the other hand, more systematic and cognitively effortful strategies, e.g., taking into account the individual properties of a protagonist. Based on such dual-process account, the present studies investigated the prediction that the more systematic processes require cognitive resources and develop with age. Children and adults were familiarized with two protagonists: The strong-and-shy protagonist scored high on a highly accessible trait (strength), whereas the weak-and-extraverted protagonist scored high on a less accessible trait (extraversion). In test trials, participants chose between these two protagonists for strength- and extraversion-related tasks. The results were consistent with the prediction of the dual-process account: Older children, and adults under normal conditions, showed a pattern of systematic reasoning, selecting the protagonists with the relevant trait for a given task. Yet, younger children, and adults whose cognitive capacities were burdened with a secondary task, showed a pattern of heuristic reasoning, selecting the strong-and-shy protagonist not only in the strength tasks but often also in the extraversion tasks. This is the first piece of direct evidence for the applicability of a dual-process account on selective trust.

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THE MODERN GREEK FAMILY: AXIOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS

Scientific Review Series 2 Human sciences ◽

10.26653/2076-4685-2021-1-04 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

Anna A. Toropova ◽

Keyword(s):

Family Policy ◽

Point Of View ◽

Modern World ◽

Traditional Values ◽

Family Issues ◽

The Family ◽

The Subject ◽

Family And Marriage ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

The One

Family issues and the topic of social family policy in Greece is the subject of researches by a number of Greek sociologists (V. Filias (Β. Φίλιας), G.-S. Prevelakis (Γ.-Σ. Πρεβελάκης), H. Simeonidou (Χ. Συμεωνίδου), G. Georgas (Γ. Γεωργάς), L. Musuru (Λ. Μουσούρου), L. Maratu-Aliprandi (Λ. Μαράτου-Αλιπράντη). It seems interesting and useful to consider the situation in Greece from the point of view of its ambivalent nature: traditional values and patriarchal order, on the one hand, and adherence to liberal European sentiments, on the other. In the modern world, there is a "reformatting of ideas about the essence of family and marriage" [Noskova A. V., 2017: 123], which leads, in particular, to the rejection of having children, to increasingly frequent divorces "for no reason", to irresponsibility in awareness roles in the family, to the vulnerability of socialization, to the infantilism of adults, to avoidance of awareness of problems of various kinds, to egocentrism. Modern Greece is not an exception. The growing number of single-parent families in cities, low birth rates, divorces, loneliness, depression are characteristic features of many families. This allows us to speak about the “crisis of the Greek family” [Γεωργάς, 2010]. This research may be of interest to specialists dealing with the topic of the family, and significantly supplement the existing research in the domestic sociological field.

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ADHD: Current Questions and Research

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900001905 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 638-638

Author(s):

Jeffery Newcorn

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Normal Activity ◽

Developmental Trajectory ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

Risk And Resilience ◽

Older Children ◽

Different Ages ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

Functional Consequences ◽

The One

The past decade has seen an increased focus on the developmental trajectory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with the recognition that ADHD is, for many, a life-long condition akin to many other chronic illnesses. There has been an increase in the extent to which young children, adolescents, and adults receive a diagnosis of ADHD, yet there remain many poorly understood and controversial issues within the scientific community and the lay public. Do ADHD patients of different ages present with similar manifestations of the disorder, and if so, why was this not recognized for so long? Are there alternative clinical presentations among ADHD patients of different ages? What is the nature of comorbidity in ADHD over the course of development, and what are its functional consequences? How can we best measure and define ADHD, differentiating it from normal activity in young children, on the one hand, and other psychiatric disorders in older children and adults on the other? This is a key issue because ADHD has been a controversial diagnostic entity to many nonpsychiatrists because there is no one laboratory task that defines it. Most importantly, how do we understand issues related to risk and resilience in a longitudinal model, and can we identify factors that predict different clinical outcomes or pathways?

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The Struggle to Link Written Symbols with Understandings: An Update

The Arithmetic Teacher ◽

10.5951/at.36.7.0038 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

James Hiebert

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Real World ◽

Mathematics Learning ◽

Older Children ◽

Simple Addition ◽

Addition And Subtraction ◽

The One ◽

Real World Problems

Two of the most striking and informative results from recent research on children's mathematics learning are the following. On the one hand, many children possess a surprising degree of competence with mathematical situations outside of school. For example, before beginning school, most young children can solve simple addition and subtraction stories, such as “Mary has 8 pennies. She gives 3 pennies to Roger. How many does she have left?” (Carpenter and Moser 1984; DeCorte and Verschaffel 1987; Riley, Greeno, and Heller 1983). In other words, before children have been taught how to add and subtract, they can solve addition and s ubtraction problems. Similarly, older children, as well as adults, can solve a variety of real-world problems using strategies that they have not learned directly in school (Carraher, Carraher, and Schliemann 1987; Lave, Murtaugh, and de Ia Rocha 1984; Scdbner 1984).

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Hearing children of Deaf parents: Gender and birth order in the delegation of the interpreter role in culturally Deaf families

African Journal of Disability ◽

10.4102/ajod.v7i0.365 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nomfundo F. Moroe ◽

Victor De Andrade

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

South African ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Older Children ◽

Deaf Parents ◽

Deaf Adults ◽

Interview Format ◽

Culturally Deaf ◽

Hearing Children

Background: Culturally, hearing children born to Deaf parents may have to mediate two different positions within the hearing and Deaf cultures. However, there appears to be little written about the experiences of hearing children born to Deaf parents in the South African context.Objective: This study sought to investigate the roles of children of Deaf adults (CODAs) as interpreters in Deaf-parented families, more specifically, the influence of gender and birth order in language brokering.Method: Two male and eight female participants between the ages of 21 and 40 years were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling strategies. A qualitative design was employed and data were collected using a semi-structured, open-ended interview format. Themes which emerged were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: The findings indicated that there was no formal assignment of the interpreter role; however, female children tended to assume the role of interpreter more often than the male children. Also, it appeared as though the older children shifted the responsibility for interpreting to younger siblings. The participants in this study indicated that they interpreted in situations where they felt they were not developmentally or emotionally ready, or in situations which they felt were better suited for older siblings or for siblings of another gender.Conclusion: This study highlights a need for the formalisation of interpreting services for Deaf people in South Africa in the form of professional interpreters rather than the reliance on hearing children as interpreters in order to mediate between Deaf and hearing cultures.

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‘You Scratch My Back and I’ll Scratch Yours’? Support to Academics Who Are Carers in Higher Education

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci8060164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marie-Pierre Moreau ◽

Murray Robertson

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Policy Support ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Unpaid Care ◽

Feminist Perspectives ◽

General Preference ◽

The One ◽

Academic Workforce ◽

Education Support ◽

Care Support

In recent years, it has become common for individuals to juggle employment and unpaid care work. This is just as true for the England-based academic workforce, our focus in this article. We discuss how, in the context of English Higher Education, support for carers is enacted and negotiated through policies and practices of care. Our focus on academics with a diverse range of caring responsibilities is unusual insofar as the literature on care in academia is overwhelmingly concerned with parents, usually mothers. This article is informed primarily by critical and post-structuralist feminist perspectives. We draw on a corpus of 47 interviews conducted with academics representing a broad range of caring responsibilities, subjects, and positions. A thematic analysis reveals how carers’ relationship with the provision and policies of care support at an institutional level is characterised by ambivalence. On the one hand, participants approve of societal and institutional policy support for carers. On the other hand, they are often reluctant to position themselves as the beneficiary of such policies, expressing instead a general preference for support from outside the workplace or for workplace-based inter-individual and informal care arrangements. This resistance is particularly noticeable in the case of participants with caring responsibilities other than the parenting of healthy, able-bodied children and of those whose gender, class, racial, or sexual identity do not conform with the figure of the ‘ideal academic’, contributing to their othering in the academic realm. These findings have significant implications for policies supporting carers, pointing to the need for greater visibility and recognition of caring responsibilities in academia, especially in terms of their diverse identities.

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Constraints on subject-verb agreement marking in Turkish-German bilingual speakers

Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism ◽

10.1075/lab.19081.uyg ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Serkan Uygun ◽

Claudia Felser

Keyword(s):

Subject Position ◽

Group Differences ◽

Heritage Speakers ◽

Bilingual Speakers ◽

Verb Forms ◽

General Preference ◽

Advanced Proficiency ◽

The One ◽

Plural Subjects ◽

Turkish German

Abstract Turkish 3rd person plural subjects normally appear with verbs that are unmarked for number. Following earlier findings which indicate that Turkish heritage speakers (HS) accept overt plural marking more readily compared to monolingually raised Turkish speakers, the present study investigates to what extent bilingual speakers are sensitive to grammatical, surface-level and semantic constraints on Turkish plural agreement marking. A scalar acceptability judgement task was carried out with non-bilingual Turkish speakers residing in Turkey and Turkish-German bilinguals residing in Germany. Our experimental design involved manipulating both subject animacy and subject position. Participants’ judgement patterns confirmed Turkish speakers’ general preference for unmarked verb forms, which was modulated both by subject animacy and by subject position. Significant differences were observed between lower proficiency HS on the one hand, and monolinguals and advanced proficiency HS on the other, suggesting that the relatively subtle interplay between different types of constraint on number agreement marking is affected by heritage language conditions. We found no evidence for simplification or optionality reduction in the lower proficiency HS’ judgements, however. We innovate on previous research by using Gradient Symbolic Computation modelling to capture between-group differences in the relative weightings of the constraints under investigation.

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