BRICS and emerging economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-60
Author(s):  
P. B. Anand ◽  
Flavio Comim ◽  
Shailaja Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Wealth Inequalities

The aim of this chapter is a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the emergence of BRICS. We begin with an examination of the emergence of BRICS showing that BRICS have been members of the top fifteen largest economies in the world since 1960. In purchasing power parity terms, by 2015, BRICS equalled G7 countries in terms of share of global output. Various possible explanatory factors of their growth are examined. Though BRICS account for nearly half of global output growth, in terms of real per capita income they still have a long way to go. There are many challenges to BRICS in terms of levels of income and wealth inequalities, the educational inequalities as measured in terms of education-Gini, and the quality of their infrastructure, notwithstanding that the massive investment being made remains inadequate. The chapter ends with an analysis of global governance issues and four possible future scenarios for BRICS.

scholarly journals Participation of women in science in the developed and developing worlds: inverted U of feminization of the scientific workforce, gender equity and retention

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobhana Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Workforce

Abstract We consider various factors impacting the participation of women in science throughout the world, with a particular emphasis on developing countries. For the world as a whole, we find that when the percentage of women working in science in a country is plotted vs. the per capita GDP of the country (adjusted for purchasing power parity) the data fall on an inverted U-shaped ‘boomerang’ curve. Thus, as per capita wealth increases, the percentage of women in science first increases and then falls. This is in marked contrast to the (right-side-up) U-shaped curve that is well-established for the participation of women in the labor force as a whole, suggesting that there are factors in the culture of science that result in opposing trends to those observed in the general workforce. This also results in many developing countries having a much higher participation of women in the scientific workforce than is seen in economically developed countries. Contradicting previous reports to the contrary, we find a positive correlation between gender equality in science and the degree of overall gender equity in the country. Thus, we do not find evidence for the claim that greater gender equity results in the manifestation of innate gender differences in preferences for science. We find differing patterns of retention in science for women in developing and developed countries. We also briefly discuss other factors that make it difficult for women in developing countries to follow a scientific career, or to advance in their careers.

Analysis of regional disparities in the Slovak Republic by examining selected indicators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Maroš ◽  
Jarmila Hudáková ◽  
Michal Levický
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

Regional disparities are typical for many countries of the world, as well as for the Slovak Republic. Increasing regional disparities is not in the interest of any country, and is, therefore, a constantly monitored issue. The aim of this article is to analyze the development of regional differences in the Slovak Republic through selected indicators. We performed the analysis at the level of the NUTS III category in the years 1995 to 2018. As selected indicators, we have chosen the development of regional GDP per capita in euros and in purchasing power parity. Several methods can be used to examine the evolution of regional differences. We mainly used the characteristics of variability and also the average growth rate, with which we tried to identify changes in regional differences over time. We found that in the observed period, the differences between the regions of Slovakia increased overall, but the increase in differences prevailed mainly in the pre-crisis years. In recent years, we have seen a slight convergence between the regions. The government in each country always tries to put in place different measures to address this issue, but it does not always succeed. Given the current world situation associated with COVID-19, it is very difficult to predict developments in the coming years.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
K. L. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

India, after seven decades of independence, found itself in the position of the fifth-largest economy in the world, with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 2.94 trillion in 2019. It is also the fastest-growing trillion-dollar economy in the world. India’s rank would have been third if GDP across the countries was compared in terms of purchasing power parity. But, in per capita terms, India falls way behind most of the member countries of the World Bank. However, this should not negate the expansion of the Indian economy that has taken place since Independence....

Program Against Cancer in Eritrea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
El Hadji Mbaye
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
The World

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 12,782.535 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 5,918,919 persons in Eritrea.

Program Against Cancer in Congo, Democratic Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
El Hadji Mbaye
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
National Income ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
The World

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 86,980.024 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 83,301,151 persons in Congo, Democratic Republic.

scholarly journals Program Against Cancer in Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
El Hadji Seydou Mbaye ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
The World

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 352,278.784 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 47,615,739 persons in Kenya

scholarly journals Food Affordability and Economic Growth

TEM Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1571-1579
Author(s):  
Ruslan Mudrak ◽  
Volodymyr Lagodiienko ◽  
Nataliia Lagodiienko ◽  
Vitalii Rybchak
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Functional Characteristic ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Affordability ◽  
Constant Prices

The conducted correlation-andregression analysis revealed a close inverse connection between the functional characteristic "share of the expenditures for food and non-alcoholic beverages in the structure of the total expenditures of the households" and the factorial characteristic "GDP per capita by purchasing power parity, at constant prices". The response of the share of food expenditures in the structure of the total expenditures of the households to per capita GDP growth corresponds to the law of diminishing returns. The pattern is manifested in the long-term period.

The effects of the economic crisis on income convergence in the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stanišić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Per Capita

This paper evaluates income convergence in the European Union, between “old” (EU15) and “new” member states from Central and East Europe (CEE10), and among the countries within these two groups. The GDP per capita convergence should be expected according to the exogenous economic growth model and neoclassical trade theory. The presence of σ-convergence and both absolute and conditional β-convergence is tested for on a sample of 25 European Union countries (EU25). Results confirm the existence of β-convergence of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity among EU25, but not among EU15 and CEE10 countries. σ-convergence has been confirmed among EU25 and CEE10 countries, while GDP per capita has been diverging in the EU15 group of countries. Moreover, the results reveal that recent economic crisis has reversed long-term tendencies and led to income convergence within EU15 and divergence within CEE10. During the crisis, the income differences among the EU25 countries have increased, but the scope and duration of this effect has been limited and has not affected the long term convergence path. However, the obtained long term speed of convergence is significantly lower compared with the previous researches.

Abstract 3225: Gross Domestic Product and Health Expenditure Associated with Incidence, 30-Day Fatality and Age at Stroke Onset: A Systematic Review

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Sposato ◽  
Gustavo Saposnik
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Differences in definitions of socioeconomic status (SES) and between study designs hinder their comparability across countries. We aimed to analyze the correlation of three widely used macro-SES indicators with stroke incidence and age at stroke onset. Methods: We selected population-based studies reporting incident stroke risk and/or 30-day case fatality according to pre-specified criteria. We used three macro-SES indicators that are consistently defined by international agencies: per capita gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP-aGDP), total health expenditures per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP-aTHE) and unemployment rate. We used two-tailed Spearman’s test and scatter-plots for analyzing the correlation of each macro-SES indicator with incident risk of stroke, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset. Results: Twenty-three manuscripts comprising 30 population-based studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Age-adjusted incident risk of stroke using standardized World Health Organization World population, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset were associated to lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE ( Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3). There was no correlation between unemployment rates and outcome measures. Table 1. Correlation Analyses of Macro-Indicators of Socioeconomic Status Figures 1. Scatter Plots for PPP-aGDP Figures 2. Scatter Plots for PPP-aTHE Conclusions: Lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE were associated with higher incident risk of stroke, higher case fatality, greater proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and lower age at stroke onset. As a result, these macro-SES indicators may be used as proxy measures of quality of primary prevention and acute care and considered as important factors for developing strategies aimed at improving worldwide stroke care.

Measuring Global Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatakshee Dhongde
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals

Economists have long been preoccupied with trying to understand the nature and causes of poverty. From Adam Smith to David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, a common belief among economists is that the benefits of economic growth are rarely experienced by the poorer sections of society. An important issue is how to measure global poverty accurately. International organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have endeavored to measure global poverty since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stated in the UN’s Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000 by 189 nations. However, measuring global poverty is far from simple. Estimates of poverty and particularly of global poverty are very sensitive to the underlying assumptions, such as the notion of poverty itself, the choice of welfare indicator, the unit of measurement used, and purchasing power parity rates. One of the significant advances in global poverty studies was the World Bank’s introduction of a poverty line in the 1990 World Development Report (WDR). Despite these efforts, the precise number of poor in the world remains ambiguous. Nevertheless, emerging frontiers in poverty analysis indicate new interest in measuring poverty more broadly. Some ideas that may dominate the future of poverty research include multidimensional poverty, vulnerability to poverty, and chronic poverty.

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