Non-Empiricist Naturalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-219
Author(s):  
Oskari Kuusela
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Traditional Conception ◽  
Logical Models ◽  
The Difference

This chapter elucidates Wittgenstein’s later non-empiricist naturalism. This novel kind of naturalism makes it possible to recognize the relevance of natural historical considerations concerning humans and language use for logic, while retaining the traditional conception of logic as a non-empirical discipline. The justification and generality of the employment of natural history based logical models is explained, and distinguished from the justification and generality of empirical statements. The different ways in which Wittgenstein makes use of natural historical considerations in logical or grammatical clarification are discussed, and the difference of Wittgenstein’s approach from broadly Kantian philosophical anthropology clarified. The correctness or truth of logical accounts is explained and a method of multidimensional logical descriptions introduced.

scholarly journals Urgent Matter

Konturen ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jonathan Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
American Poet ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
German American ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disciplinary Cultures ◽  
General Economy

Opening questions about “things” onto the bureaucratically-maintained, compartmentalized discursive, disciplinary claims of “philosophy,” “theory,” and “poetry,” “Urgent Matter” explores these three terms in relation to one another through attention to recent work by Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Rancière, the German-American poet Rosmarie Waldrop, and the German poet Ulf Stolterfoht, whose fachsprachen. Gedichte. I-IX (Lingos I-IX. Poems) Waldrop rendered into English in an award-winning translation. The difference between the "things" called "poetry" and "philosophy," as now institutionalized within the academy, is not epistemological, ontological, ahistorical, but a matter of linguistic domains, of so-called concrete "images" as the policed domain of the former and of "abstraction" as the policed domain of the latter. Challenging the binary logics that dominate language use in diverse discursive/disciplinary cultures, Waldrop’s linguistically self-referential, appositional procedures develop ways to use language that are neither linear, nor so much without direction, as multi-directional, offering complexes of adjacency, of asides, of digression, of errancy, of being “alongside,” in lieu of being “opposed to,” that constitute at once a poetics, an aesthetics, an ethics, and a politics. Elaborating a complementary understanding of poetry as “the most philosophic of all writing,” a medium of being “contemporary,” Waldrop and Stolterfoht question poetry’s purposes as one kind of language apparatus among others in the general economy. Whatever poetry might be, it aspires to be in their hands not a thing in itself but a form of self-questioning, of all discourses, all disciplines, that “thing” that binds “poetry” and “philosophy” together, as urgent matter, in continuing.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 245-246
Author(s):  
Oskari Kuusela
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
Logical Models ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Sense ◽  
Bold Claim

In the Introduction I made the bold claim that Wittgenstein transforms Frege’s and Russell’s logical and methodological ideas in a way that ‘can be justifiably described as a second revolution in philosophical methodology and the philosophy of logic, following Frege’s and Russell’s first revolution’. This claim was meant in a specific sense relating to the use of logical methods in philosophy, a discipline where we are often dealing with complex and messy concepts and phenomena, and having to clarify highly complicated and fluid uses of natural language. The situation is not quite the same in metamathematics, for example, and my claim was not intended to concern the employment of logical methods there, i.e. that Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of logic would constitute a revolution in this area too. For, while his later philosophy of logic has no difficulty explaining the possibility of the employment of calculi to clarify other calculi, in metamathematics there is perhaps no similarly pressing need for idealization as in philosophy, when we clarify complex concepts originating in ordinary language, since the targets of clarification in metamathematics are systems governed by strict rules themselves. Thus, this area of the employment of logical methods seems not as significantly affected. But I hope that my claim concerning the use of logical methods in philosophy can now be recognized as justified, or at least worth considering seriously, on the basis of what I have said about 1) the later Wittgenstein’s account of the status of logical clarificatory models, and how this explains the possibility of simple and exact logical descriptions, thus safeguarding the rigour of logic, 2) how his account of the function of logical models makes possible the recognition of the relevance of natural history for logic without compromising the non-empirical character of the discipline of logic, and 3) in the light of Wittgenstein’s introduction of new non-calculus-based logical methods for the purpose of philosophical clarification, such as his methods of grammatical rules, the method of language-games, and quasi-ethnology....

scholarly journals Sustainability and Collaboration: Crossdisciplinary and Cross-Sector Horizons

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Thompson Klein
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Second Keyword ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
And Training ◽  
Local Perspectives

The title of this article signals increasing collaboration across boundaries aimed at understanding and solving complex scientific and societal problems. The article is a reflective analysis of five intersecting keywords in discussions of sustainability and boundary crossing. This genre of discourse studies interprets language use, drawing in this case on a representative sample of authoritative definitions, case studies, and state-of-the-art accounts. The Introduction situates the discussion around the increasing number and size of teams as well as research across both academic disciplines and other sectors, followed by the five keywords that structure the overall argument. Section 2 examines the first of the five keywords, defining interdisciplinarity by marking its alignment with integration, confluence, interdependence, interaction, and balance. Section 3 considers the second keyword—transdisciplinarity—by tracing evolution of a problem-focused connotation, links to sustainability, inclusion of stakeholders, the imperative of critique, and transdisciplinary action research. Section 4 brings together insights on inter- and trans-disciplinarity in a composite “crossdisciplinary” alignment with collaboration, factoring in the nature of teamwork, public engagement, and translation. Section 5 then turns to learning, noting the difference between education and training then emphasizing transformative capacity, double- and triple-loop learning, reflexivity, and a transdisciplinary orientation. Section 6 takes up the final keyword—knowledge—by calling attention to inclusion, indigenous and local perspectives, nomothetic versus idiographic perspectives, the question of fit, and the nature of crossdisciplinary knowledge. The article concludes by identifying future research needs.

scholarly journals Intracerebral schwannomas: a rare disease with varying natural history

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Scott ◽  
Korgun Koral ◽  
Linda R. Margraf ◽  
Laura Klesse ◽  
David J. Sacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Rare Tumors ◽  
Small Series ◽  
The Difference

Although intracerebral schwannomas are typically regarded as benign intracranial tumors, malignancy and recurrence have been reported among patients harboring such neoplasms. The available literature consists of case reports and small series that present variable characteristics distinguishing these unusual lesions. Little advancement has been made to further the understanding and management of these tumors. The authors present 3 cases from their institution that highlight the difference between typical benign intracerebral schwannomas and histopathological variants that may portend more aggressive behavior. Also provided is a review of the literature in the hope of gaining a better understanding of these rare tumors.

scholarly journals Small but Multi-functional: Response Tokens in Content Language Integrated Learning Interaction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Sabria Salama Jawhar
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Classroom Interaction ◽  
Integrated Learning ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Interactional Functions ◽  
The Relationship

This paper is an investigation of language use inside a content language integrated learning (CLIL) classroom at Saudi tertiary level. It examines the difference in language use between teachers and students in four subject-specific classrooms in which English is used as a medium of instruction. The study is informed by corpus linguistics (CL) and uses the principles and theoretical underpinning of conversation analysis (CA). It identifies the most frequent linguistic features of CLIL and examines their diverse interactional functions in this context. Amongst the most frequent linguistic features in CLIL are short response tokens such as “yes” and “no”. Using a micro-analytic approach to conversation analysis, a closer look at the data shows the students’ ability to use small and limited linguistic resources to accomplish multiple interactional functions such as taking the floor, taking turns and, most importantly, displaying orientation to knowledge. The data reflected the relationship between frequency and meaning construction. With regard to the difference in language use between teachers and students with regard to comes to short response tokens, the study shows some common interactional uses of response tokens between teachers and students, such as agreement, acknowledgement, response to confirmation checks and yes/no questions. On the other hand, it shows some exclusive interactional use of the same token by teachers and students. Finally, the paper emphasises the relationship of language, interaction and orientation to content knowledge in CLIL classrooms. Pedagogically, the findings have implications for teachers’ language use and for increased classroom interaction.

scholarly journals Plant physiology at the institute for philosophy in Brno in Mendel’s teacher F. Diebl textbook from 1835

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Šebánek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Gregor Mendel ◽  
The Difference

Gregor Mendel attended lectures of F. Diebl, professor of natural history and agricultural science at the Institute of Philosophy in Brno. Diebl published his lectures in a textbook “Abhandlungen über die allgemeine und besondere Naturgeschichte, Brünn 1835.” From the textbook the level of scientific knowledge in plant biology is obvious, with which the later founder of a new field of biology – genetics got acquainted. Diebl considered germination to be a specific method of fermentation transforming seed starch into a sugary matter which nourishes the germinating plant. In the physiology of nutrition he distinguished nutrition from the soil via roots from nutrition from the air via leaves. The former is based primarily on the humus theory of A. Thaer (1809) because not until 5 years after the publication of Diebl’s textbook J. Liebig initiated the mineral theory. Diebl’s presentation of photosynthesis was based on information available at that time about the release of oxygen by green plants under conditions of light and the uptake of CO2, but he had no knowledge about the passage of CO2 into the leaves through stomata. Remarkable is Diebl’s discovery that respiration increases during flowering. Electricity is considered to be a force significantly supporting the life processes of plants. Diebl also noticed the difference between diurnal and night evaporation of water from the leaves. In his textbook growth is connected with nutrition only, as it was the entire 19th century. Stem thickening from the cambium is described very simply. Bud and root regeneration is given the term reproduction which today is commonly used in relation to sexual reproduction. Diebl considered nyctinastic movements (bending or unbending of the leaves) and closing of the flowers at night to be “sleep”. He described fertilisation in a primitive way, because it was not until 1848 that the first exact description came out.

scholarly journals Evidence of interpersonal violence at two sites of the Bijelo Brdo culture in eastern Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
Željka Bedić
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Cranial Trauma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

Human skeletal remains from Bijelo Brdo-Venice Street and Vukovar-Lijeva Bara have previously been anthropologically analysed and published, but in this paper cranial traumas are studied for the first time. The sample consists of 84 adult skulls curated in the Natural History Museum and the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Results showed a high frequency of cranial trauma (19.0 %) recorded in 16 out of 84 well-preserved skulls. Although males exhibit twice as many traumas as females (24.4 % vs. 12.8 %) the difference is not statistically significant. Trauma is present most frequently on the left side of the skull, and there is perimortem trauma in both sites, as well as in both sexes; this indicates the existence of interpersonal violence in these populations.

Long-Term Visual Outcome of Choroidal Neovascularization in Pathologic Myopia: Natural History and Laser Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Secrétan ◽  
D. Kuhn ◽  
G. Soubrane ◽  
G. Coscas
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Choroidal Neovascularization ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pathologic Myopia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This retrospective study was designed to help clarify the visual prognosis during long-term follow-up (5-10 years) of myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) with and without laser treatment in a referral population. Patients and Methods. A group of 50 consecutive non-treated eyes and a group of 50 consecutive treated eyes were selected retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were: fluorescein angiographic documentation of CNV not involving the center of the fovea, visual acuity (VA) > 20/200, age less than 60, onset of symptoms ≤ 6 months and at least five years of follow-up. The mean decrease in VA in non-treated and treated eyes during the follow-up was analysed on the basis of subgroups with the same initial VA. Results Considering both groups (100 eyes) at presentation, 89% of CNV spared the center of the fovea but were located in the foveolar area (< 200 μm) and only 11% were extrafoveal (> 200 μm). In the natural history group, after five years all CNV involved the center of the fovea and mean VA was 20/160. In the treated group, at the end of the five year follow-up and after one or more laser session, 64% of eyes had a dry scar and mean VA was 20/74. Nevertheless there was a very high rate of recurrences (72%) and at the end of follow-up, 36% of treated eyes had a subfoveal recurrence with a mean decrease in VA to 20/154. The difference between the mean decrease in VA of the treated and non-treated groups was statistically significant at two years. At five years (100 eyes), the difference persisted only for eyes with initial VA better than ≥ 20/40 (P<0.05). At eight years (76 eyes) and ten years (24 eyes), this difference was no longer significant. Comments This study confirms that CNV accompanying degenerative myopia has an extremely poor prognosis. Nevertheless analysis of final VA in both groups suggests that eyes with high initial VA gain more from treatment.

Nationwide analysis: Changes in the natural history of low risk localized prostate cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
John Thomas Helgstrand ◽  
Nina Klemann ◽  
Birgitte Grønkaer Toft ◽  
Ben Vainer ◽  
Martin Andreas Røder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Stage Migration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

12 Background: Increased use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has introduced an increase in PCa incidence and a lead time and stage migration at diagnosis, altering the natural history of PCa. Contemporary PCa patients are likely younger and have smaller tumor burden at diagnosis. We investigated if changes in the PCa landscape have altered the course of low-risk localized PCa. Methods: In the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry (DaPCaR), patients diagnosed from 1995 to 2011 with localized (T1-2, N0/X, M0) PCa with Gleason score ≤ 6 were identified. Patients were stratified into three periods of diagnosis; 1995-2000 (period 1), 2001-2005 (period 2) and 2006-2011 (period 3). Competing risk analysis treating PCa and other-cause death as competing events was performed. Results: Of the 5,660 patients identified, 35.9% had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). From period 1 to period 3, the median age at diagnosis decreased from 72.2 to 66.0 years and the median PSA decreased from 16.2 to 8.6 ng/mL. From period 1 to period 3, the 5-year risk of PCa-death decreased from 14.3% (95% CI: 12.1-16.4%) to 1.3% (95% CI: 0.83-1.7%), p < .0.0001 and the risk of other cause death decreased from 18.1% (95% CI: 15.8-20.5%) to 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.2), p = 0.0001. In patients undergoing RP, the 5-year risk of PCa-death decreased from 0.67% (95% CI: 0.67-2.0%) for patients diagnosed in period 1 to 0.45% (95% CI: 0.0055-0.84), for patients diagnosed in period 3, p = 0.92. For patients not undergoing RP, the 5-year risk of PCa death decreased from 16.6% (95% CI: 14.1-19.1) to 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2-2.7%), p < 0.0001. Conclusions: In a nationwide cohort of patients with low risk localized PCa, the 5-year risk of PCa-death significantly decreased when comparing patients diagnosed during 2006-2011 to those diagnosed during 1995-2000. This was mainly driven by patients not undergoing RP. In the most recently diagnosed group, the difference in 5-year PCa-death between patients undergoing RP and not undergoing RP was small (0.45% vs. 2.0%). Our data demonstrate that the impact of PSA induced lead-time and stage migration has diminished the absolute effect of RP on the risk of 5-year PCa-death because contemporary low-risk localized patients have a significantly better prognosis.

The Limits of Meaning

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Soames
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Traditional Conception ◽  
Traditional Account ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between theories of linguistic meaning and theories of language use. This problem—widely known as that of the “semantics–pragmatics interface”—is the focus of intense contemporary investigation. At issue is whether the traditional conception of the relationship between meaning and use can survive. According to that conception, the semantic content of a sentence in context is always a proposition, which, special circumstances aside, is both asserted by utterances of the sentence in the context, and itself the source of whatever subsidiary assertions may result. Problems are posed for this conception, based on a wide variety of expressions, constructions, and uses of sentences. Solutions are sought by comparing semantic analyses defending the traditional account with those challenging it. The chapter defends an emerging conception of the relationship between meaning and use, according to which the meaning of a sentence is a set of constraints on what normal uses of it assert, or express.

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