Presidential Terms in Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
pp. 221-246
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nurumov ◽  
Vasil Vashchanka
Keyword(s):  
Term Limits ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Total Control ◽  
History Of

This chapter tracks the history of changes to presidential terms and term limits of President Nazarbayev, the first and only president of post-Soviet Kazakhstan. We show that the length of presidential terms was changed by Nazarbayev to ensure his longevity in an evolving political situation. He successfully avoided elections when opposition was more consolidated while maintaining plausible periodicity of contests. The two-term limit was manipulated by various means, including a referendum, new constitution, and ultimately exemption from term limits for the First President. These manipulations were enabled by gradual consolidation of Nazarbayev’s regime, which is now marked by nearly total control over the political space. Elections serve as a decorum deployed tactically to ensure symbolic democratic continuity and offer no realistic prospect of unseating the incumbent president.

scholarly journals Lo que fue ya no es y lo nuevo aún no toma forma: elecciones 2006 en perspectiva histórica

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciska Raventós Vorst
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electoral Behaviour ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Relationship

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza el proceso de cambio político que se inició en Costa Rica en 1998 y que aún no concluye, ubicándolo en el contexto de la historia política de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Revisa luego las explicaciones que se han dado para el brusco quiebre en el comportamiento electoral de 1998, analiza la relación entre abstención y declive de los dos partidos tradicionales en el período 1998-2006 y se detiene a estudiar algunos rasgos del comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en el 2006. Concluye planteando una interpretación preliminar sobre el momento político en que se encuentra el país.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the process of ongoing political change that has taken place in Costa Rica since 1998. It is analyzed in the context of the political history of the second half of the 20th century. This article reviews the explanations of the sudden shift in electoral behaviour in 1998, analyzes the relationship between electoral abstention and the decline of the two traditional parties between 1998 and 2006, and it studies some characteristics of voting behaviour in 2006. The paper concludes with a preliminary interpretation of the current political situation.

Russophobia: the story of a chimera

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Karabuschenko
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Political History ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Goals And Objectives

This paper presents the history of the development of the Russophobic tradition of the collective West, which it used in its political and ideological interests. Russophobia is a chimera of Western propaganda, based on myths about the superiority of Western civilization and the chronic backwardness of Russians. The tradition indicated by the author is assessed as a kind of pseudo-ideological chimera, which permanently arises in the national enemies and geopolitical competitors of Russia as the main ideological means in the general mechanism of deterring the imaginary "Russian threat". It is known that Russia itself has improved the political space of Eastern Europe and Asia, in accordance with the understanding of its goals and objectives. And most often, it was this independence that caused discontent and indignation of her opponents. It is intended for all those who are interested in the political history and modern politics of Russia.

The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Tunisia

2019 ◽  
pp. 179-198
Author(s):  
Alessandra Bonci ◽  
Francesco Cavatorta
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Political History ◽  
Term Limits ◽  
The Political ◽  
System P ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
Do So

This chapter discusses the evolution of the politics of term limits in Tunisia, from independence in 1956 until the approval of the 2014 democratic constitution. Through the observation of the manipulation of term limits, we can retrace the political history of the country. It is interesting to examine how Bourguiba and Ben Ali managed to achieve their goals by stretching term limits, how and in which conditions they were prevented to do so and finally, whether there are some recurring patterns. This study then places in historical perspective the analysis on how term limits in Tunisia today have been discussed and implemented. Tunisians today are still coping with the recent political turmoil, which may lead them not to pay attention to creeping but substantial constitutional changes that might occur in light of the return to presidential practices in what is a semi-presidential system.

The Origins of the Second Macedonian War

1937 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. McDonald ◽  
F. W. Walbank
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
History Of

There is little need now to emphasise the importance of the declaration of war against Philip V of Macedon in the history of Roman imperialism, or to formulate the problem of the causes of the Roman decision to intervene in the East. The work of M. Holleaux has defined the problem and indicated its historical implications, and subsequent research has kept the issue clear. We have rather to justify a paper upon this subject which returns to details of reconstruction already fully treated. Yet the reconstruction of events has not received its final exposition, and a better understanding of the details is essential for the historical interpretation of the political situation in 200 B.C.

Sicily and South Italy: the Background to Thucydides Books 6 and 7

1986 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Political ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Greek History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Of Greece

The story of the Greek settlements in Sicily and southern Italy is not commonly regarded as one of the 'central themes' of Greek history. For long periods, the paucity of documentary evidence means that there is little story to tell anyway, and when a history of events is possible, it is often because those events are closely linked with the more fully documented history of Greece itself. Such an occasion occurred in 415, when the Athenians decided to send a fleet to western waters, and subsequently to undertake the siege of Syracuse. These events, so vividly narrated by Thucydides in the polished narrative of Books 6 and 7, are often studied today, but many modern readers start with a disadvantage shared, as Thucydides would have us believe, with the majority of Athenians of his own day - ignorance of Sicily and its inhabitants. Thucydides responded by giving his readers an account of the various peoples who inhabited Sicily, to impress upon them the number and power of the cities and settlements on the island (6.2-6). This article offers a short introduction to the political situation the Athenians encountered in South Italy and Sicily. It is written with a minimum of documentation, apart from references to the text of Thucydides. (The spelling of proper names follows that used in the Penguin translation, from which quotations are also taken; some suggestions for further reading are given at the end.)

scholarly journals Отражение событий августа 1991 года в Мурманской области.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2020) ◽  
pp. 140-149
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Shekh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wait And See

The attempt to remove from power in August 1991, M.S. Gorbachev actually marked the end of the history of the Soviet Union. The August events forced the peoples of the republics of the USSR to unite around republican elites who defended the achievements of perestroika. The socio-political situation in the Murmansk region in August 1991 is considered on the material of the regional press.It reflects a specific feature of those events in the region. Despite the differences in the positions of different groups of the population, in General, electoral support for the legitimate authorities was reflected. The highest degree of tension in the labor collectives of the region fell on the morning of August 21. The political elite of the region took a wait-and-see attitude. The Soviet authorities in one of the militarized regions of the country managed to prevent clashes, not to give reasons to the top leadership to enter troops in localities, and to declarea state of emergency in the region.

scholarly journals Stanowisko PPR/PZPR wobec obchodów święta 11 listopada

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 162-178
Author(s):  
Barbara I. Rogowska
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Human Values ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Eu

Position of the Polish Workersʼ Party on the celebration of Independence Day The history of the anniversary celebrations on 11 November reflects the complicated traditions of the nation and the Polish state. For years the celebrations were accompanied by numerous changes in the ideological, legal, political and ritual layer. Individual political and social formations as well as subsequent generations of Polish citizens celebrated the anniversary of regaining independence by assigning to it different ideological, political and axiological values. Ove the course of a hundred years, it has gained a different legal and political status. From the celebration of local military circles, then political, through national anniversaries, school ceremonies to the establishment of a public holiday.In the 21st century, the holiday is additionally used by various political forces. The main form of the celebration is the Independence March. During the march Polish patriotic and human values are presented. But it also becomes the grounds for publicizing various values and anti-values. International interest in the march is dictated by the propagation of sometimes anti-democratic slogans and the political situation in Poland and the EU. Various political forces sometimes try to use the Independence Day in a spectacular way for political purposes, for media coverage, for election fights with political opponents.

scholarly journals 1991-1992 military turnover in the recent Georgian historiography (concerning the 80th anniversary of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the first president of Georgia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaal Kortua
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Recent History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
80Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of

The publication concerns the state turnover in 1991-1992, the dramatic event in the recent history of Georgia, and its description in the modern Georgian historiography. Academic textbooks and historic scientific researchers are discussed in chronological order, pursuant to the years of publication. They show the political situation of this period. Historiographic research in this field has never been conducted and this article represents the novelty. Publication shows the attitudes of the book authors toward the event. The author of the article concludes that scientific research in this field will be carried on more intensively since this issue is very actual.

scholarly journals Apeniny we wspomnieniach Anieli Walewskiej

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Król
Keyword(s):  
Travel Literature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Aesthetic Attitude ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mountain Landscapes

Kilka chwil we Włoszech w latach 1847 i 1848 [A few Moments in Italy in 1847 and 1848], a volume of memoirs published in 1850 and written by Aniela Walewska — a forgotten author of the Romantic era — is a historically, culturally and socially interesting travel account which, in addition to notes devoted to the political situation at the time, also features descriptions of cultural and natural landscapes which Walewska had an opportunity to admire during her Italian voyage. Particularly worthy of note are her reflections concerning mountain landscapes reflecting the author’s romantic sensibility as well as her emotional and aesthetic attitude to new places. Spending a few weeks in the Tuscan resort of Bagni di Lucca, Aniela Walewska had an opportunity to admire the Apennines, which generated admiration and lofty feelings in her and prompted her to engage in existential, philosophical and religious reflection. Using a variety of means of literary expression, the writer sought to convey the varied aspects of the mountains: solemn beauty, picturesque charm, severe and wild appearance. Yet despite her lively interest in the Apennine landscapes, the Polish traveller was preoccupied primarily with the political situation in her distant homeland, which determined her perception of and feeling for the mountains so much that her observations often departed from purely aesthetic evaluation in favour of patriotic associations. However, the descriptions in her memoirs are vivid, full of admiration and rapture, which makes them worthy of being brought back from obscurity and analysed thoroughly. As evidence of individual and feminine way of experiencing the world of nature, they certainly make a valuable contribution to the Romantic travel literature and expand our knowledge of the history of mountain voyages of Polish women in that period.

scholarly journals Images of madness. The end of mental hospitals illustrated through photographs

2004 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. A03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Manzoli
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Political ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Mental Hospitals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Revolution

The use of photography in the field of psychiatry is an eloquent example of the complex evolution of the relationship between science, communication and society. The research that follows analyses the development of such a relationship in a crucial period of the history of psychiatry: the 1970s. That was the time that witnessed the revolution of a science which admitted the failure of its methods and "instruments", mental hospitals. That was also the time when a profound change took place in the communicative methods of photography related to this uncertain field of knowledge. A group of photographers, driven by the political situation of the time, covered the end of mental hospitals.

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