Economic growth and the growth of effective demand

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Łaski
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Income ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Effective Demand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Additional Demand ◽  
Skilled Workforce ◽  
The Moment

With an adequately skilled workforce and a sufficient supply of raw materials and energy, it is investment that allows national income and employment to grow. However, this growth is only potential. If it is to materialize, then effective demand has to expand in step with production capacity. To analyze this growth it is necessary to distinguish between actual investment that creates productive capacity this year, and investment decisions that will result in productive capacity in the future. As investment takes place, additional demand raises output and employment. However, as productive capacity expands, it brings forward the moment when demand starts to lag behind the growth of capacity, and excess capacity starts to depress investment. This causes business cycles. In the long run technological change will affect the trend of growth through successive business cycles.

scholarly journals Some Refinements of the Semi-Input-Output Method

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tinbergen
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Sector ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

The semi-input-output method has been proposed by the author as a substi¬tute for what was formerly called the estimation of the indirect effects of invest¬ment projects. Essentially it rests on assumption I that a country must aim at an "ideal development process", meaning a growth process which at no time shows unutilized production capacity. Furthermore, the method rests on assumption II that a distinction can be made between national or domestic activities (industries in the widest sense or sectors) on the one hand and international activities on the other hand. By definition the products of the former cannot, for technological or cultural reasons, be imported or exported. Examples have been given elsewhere [1]. Together with assumption I it follows from II that the productive capacity in the national sectors equals the demand for their products. With a given develop¬ment of national income the growth of the national sectors is practically deter¬mined. The choice of new sectors to be developed must mainly be made among the international sectors, where those showing the highest comparative advantages must be chosen, if with given sacrifices of scarce factors a maximum of result is wanted. The criterion for selection of sectors will depend on the aims of policy as well as on the relative scarcity of factors. Its precise content is independent of the subject to be discussed here. For simplicity's sake we will assume that the criterion is to prefer sectors with the lowest capital-output ratio. This choice only effects the later portions of this article. The emphasis here is on something else, namely that it is not possible, if we accept assumption I, to add to the equip¬ment of the nation a factory or set of factories in one international sector only, but that simultaneously with such an "international" investment a number of complementary investments in domestic sectors are necessary, in order to keep all capacities fully utilized. We will call the necessary combination of investments a bunch; it always consists of an investment in one international sector combined with a number of investments in all national sectors.

Automated reverse engineering control system model

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
A. V. Vinnichenko ◽  
S. A. Nazarevich ◽  
I. R. Karpova
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Flaw Detection ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Traditional Technologies ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Control System Model ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The article deals with the task of simplifying the reverse design process by implementing three-point 3D scanning, which allows you to speed up the technological stages of reverse design to the moment of product manufacture, as well as simplify the procedure for defecating finished products and create favorable conditions for the implementation of the principles of unification. The model of the control system in this article refers to the structuring of elements of the technological organization of the process of creating 3D prototyping of existing copies created by the use of reverse engineering. For this purpose, the problems of traditional technologies that do not allow timely coping with changes in the technical system under the influence of in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents and environmental requirements were considered. We also analyzed not only the principles of operation of traditional technologies, but also the zone of reverse engineering, which allows you to achieve an increased level of production capacity by identifying a group of key defects based on the process of flaw detection and statistical analysis.

Rethinking the Catalytic Role of Private Sector for Inclusive Growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamed Zulkhibri
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Business Models ◽  
National Income ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Growth Prospects

The paper argues that private firms play a vital role in enhancing inclusive growth prospects as investors, employers and creators of new and upgraded productive potential. Private sector activity matters for inclusive development as well as its quality, sustainability and inclusiveness. In most countries, the private sector is a major component of national income and the major employer and creator of jobs. The analysis suggests that private firms have the capacity to enhance inclusive growth prospects, given their ability to create new and higher value productive capacity. The capability of firms to launch new export products and raise product quality generates higher profitability and productive potential with spill over benefits to other firms and industries. However, private sector activity per se does not automatically result in equality of opportunity across individuals and firms. It has been very thoughtful to many countries to facilitate various actors to come together in public-private collaboration to build ‘Inclusive Business Models’ based on inclusive markets.

scholarly journals Native parasitoids and their potential to control the invasive leafminer,Cameraria ohridellaDESCH. & DIM. (Lep.: Gracillariidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Klug ◽  
R. Meyhöfer ◽  
M. Kreye ◽  
M. Hommes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Native Parasitoids ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Pnigalio Agraules ◽  
Potential Efficiency

AbstractIn spite of the fact that since the end of the eighties, the horse chestnut leafminer,Cameraria ohridella, has established itself throughout Europe, native predators such as ants and birds are not attuned to this neozoic species. In contrast, several parasitic wasp species already started to exploit the invasive horse chestnut leafminer, but until now parasitation rates are quite low, mainly because of asynchrony in the lifecycles of parasitoids and host. Only the removal of leaf litter, in which pupae hibernate, is at the moment a strategy to reduce the infestation level in the next year. Unfortunately, not only hibernating horse chestnut leafminers but also parasitoids are removed, and important resources for biocontrol are unused. In the current study, we investigated the potential efficiency of the horse chestnut leafminer parasitoid complex extracted from leaf litter in defined environments. Parasitoids were released at different densities to investigate density dependence in parasitation rates.Although seven different species were released in our experiments, onlyPnigalio agraulesturned out to be responsible for biocontrol ofC. ohridella. We recorded parasitation rates of up to 35%. Overall, parasitation rates were independent of the leafminer density but increased fourfold if ten times more parasitoid individuals were released. Unfortunately, none of the parasitoid species could be established in the experimental units in the long run. Results are compared to other parasitoid-leafminer systems, and promotion of horse chestnut leafminer parasitoids to support natural selection and biological control of the horse chestnut leafminer is discussed.

scholarly journals УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗМІНАМИ НА ДОБУВНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ЧИННИК ЇХ РОЗВИТКУ

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Наталія Сергіївна Приймак
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Extractive Industry ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
Consumer Safety

Extractive industries (mining and quarrying, in particular) is a strategically important part of the primary sector of Ukraine. The current state of the extractive industries is characterized by a certain revival, however only in a few sectors. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights to the extractive industry performance and identify the main factors of change that will ensure growth in the primary sector. The analysis showed that as of today the extractive industry companies demonstrate low performance efficiency (a slowdown in production growth rate, fluctuations in cost effectiveness and profits, a significant share of unprofitable businesses), their technical and production capacity fail to meet the global trends which is underpinned by ineffective opportunity management in the given sector. For extractive industries, change management gains critical importance subject to their high environmental dynamism. Changes in the business environment in the mining and quarrying sectors are generated by the factors of space, time, consumer, safety, products, price – all of which initiate external changes; reduce (curtail) lag changes; trigger changes in the market infrastructure and the range of related services; promote government support extension; yet again prove the need for changes in extraction engineering and technology, raw materials processing and enrichment; assign changes in approaches to cost control and pricing methods. The key messages that make companies move forward to change should be: increasing difficulties in confronting the entropic effects of the external environment; crisis phenomena within companies; deterioration of market environment; company management or any stakeholders’ (their groups) initiatives of changes; contact group information on certain requirements for products, prices, resources cost, etc. The research findings have revealed the following headwinds that hamper changes: the lack of effective management and professional managers capable of implementing the entire cycle of changes; inefficient organizational structure, the presence of conflicts in the organization; resistance to change; undeveloped corporate culture of the enterprise.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Produksi, Pencatatan Kartu Persediaan Dan Pemasaran Sale Pisang UD Sumber Alam Buana di Kabupaten Banyuwangi

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Dilla Cattleyana ◽  
Adytira Rachman
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Cutting Knife ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Online Stores ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
E Mail

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) has an important role in the Indonesian economy, one of which can help the per capita income of the Indonesian state, especially in Banyuwangi Regency, as well as in the UM Banana Sale UD UD. Sumber Alam Buana, located at the eastern end of the island of Java, precisely in Banyuwangi. The UMKM is one of Banyuwangi's original typical food businesses from Ambon banana raw material, bearing in mind that typical food is identical to souvenirs (souvenirs) when visiting Banyuwangi, certainly not forgetting to bring and share them with you. However, there are problems in the field of production of UD Banana Banana UD, namely the low production capacity of processing banana raw materials because it still uses a cutting knife and the appropriate method has not been applied to record raw materials or finished goods so that the owner is less able to control the cycle of raw materials or finished goods. While in the marketing sector it is still conventional to be entrusted in a gift shop so that it can only wait for whether the product is sold or vice versa. The solution to the development activities of UMKM Sale Banana UD Sumber Alam Buana includes counseling and training using a banana chopper tool that is more efficient than a knife that has been used to chop banana raw materials. Whereas in terms of recording to help partners to control raw material inventory and finished goods efficiently and effectively, the need for training knowledge and assistance to owners and employees using a perpetual method stock card (inventory). To expand market share that has demanded the use of technology, training is held to make e-mail as a portal to access several e-commerce websites and to open online stores through social media such as Facebook and others. The results achieved in the Community Service program are the development of this business in terms of increasing production capacity, managing raw materials, expanding markets and increasing income.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING STONE- LIMESTONE IN THE REPUBLIC SRPSKA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Majstorović ◽  
Vladimir Malbašić ◽  
Miodrag Čelebić
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Fragmentation Of Production ◽  
Republika Srpska

Curent situation of raw material base and study of limestone like construction stone deposits in the Republic of Serbian were relatively poorly considered during the last decades, and the main problems are the following: low production capacity fragmentation of production, needs for raw materials homogenization and delivering of standard quality, undeveloped market, the recession of the domestic economy and the economies in the region, the relatively low level of exploration by many deposits, especially lack of knowledge of the occurrence legality for certain types and quality of raw materials and lack of complete quality indicators for raw material, which sometimes causes the utilization of only the highest quality deposit parts.This paper provides an overview of active quarries in the Republic Srpska with exploitation of limestone like technical building stone and present an attempt to determine the basic quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material and the current working conditions at these quarries. The purpose of such a review would be in an effort to create a clearer picture about production, market, social and other aspects of the limestone exploitation in the Republika Srpska and the realistic possibilities of maintaining and developing of these mineral resources utilization, which can certainlybe interesting for the development of many other industries in the Republic Srpska.

scholarly journals Banking sector development and foreign direct investment. A case of Botswana

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Kunofiwa Tsaurai
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Banking Sector Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Causality Relationship ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

The study investigates if there is a causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows in Botswana. Though quite a number of authors have written on the subject, there appears to be no consensus on the directional causality between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. At the moment, three dominant perspectives exist regarding the relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. The first perspective says that banking sector development attracts FDI inflows into the host country. The second perspective suggests that there is a positive feedback effect between banking sector development and FDI inflows whilst the third perspective maintains that there is no direct causality relationship between the two variables. The results from this study are consistent with the third perspective that says there is no direct causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows. This confirms that the long run relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows is an indirect one and the two set of variables affect each other indirectly through other factors in Botswana.

scholarly journals Sustaining Biomaterials in Bioeconomy: Roles of Education and Learning in Mekong River Basin

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1670
Author(s):  
Thaworn Onpraphai ◽  
Attachai Jintrawet ◽  
Bounthanh Keoboualapha ◽  
Suprapat Khuenjai ◽  
Ruijia Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
New Graduates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Learning Policies ◽  
Non Destructive

The demands to improve the livelihood of small farmers require a systemic shift from fossil fuel-based and destructive approaches to sustainable renewable raw materials and non-destructive approaches. This should be accompanied by a fundamental reorganization of education and learning policies to create new bio-oriented value chains for biomaterials, food, wood, and energy, as well as in large parts of the health, manufacturing, and service industries. In the long run, the successful implementation of bio-oriented production depends on the systemic linking of both first- and second-hand learning in communities in rural as well as urban settings. The purpose of this paper is to present a concept for the co-design of a new curriculum to better equip new graduates with the ability to support the effort of the sustainable production of biomaterials that are non-destructive to the environment. To sustain biomaterials and enhance non-destructive ways of thinking, learning needs a community of practice in both online and onsite platforms—allowing students to better understand and support cascade use. Therefore, the use of by-products and recycling products after use will increase in importance. A community of practice, and institutions, must create education and learning platforms for improved actions regarding biomaterials across generations and experiences, which will subsequently be integrated into the circular value chains of the bioeconomy. The first- and second-hand learning to sustain these value chains depends on higher education and learning institutions with both legal mandates and systems approaches.

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