Comparing Cabinets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Weller ◽  
Dennis Grube ◽  
R.A.W. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political System ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
Good Policy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Definition Of

Why is cabinet government so resilient? Despite many obituaries, why does it continue to be the vehicle for governing across most parliamentary systems? This book answers these questions by examining the structure and performance of cabinet government in five democracies: the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Australia. The book is organized around the dilemmas that cabinet governments must solve: how to develop the formal rules and practices that can bring predictability to the daily business and allow consistent decision making; how to balance good policy with good politics; how to ensure cohesion between the factions and parties that constitute the cabinet while allowing levels of self-interest to be advanced; how leaders can balance persuasion and command; and how to maintain support through accountability at the same time as being able to make unpopular decisions. All these dilemmas are continuing challenges to cabinet government, never solvable, and constantly reappearing in different forms. We ask how traditions, beliefs, and practices shape the answers. The different practices between the democracies examined show there can be no single definition of cabinet government. This comparative approach provides analysis and insights into the process of cabinet government that cannot be achieved in the study of any single political system. We better understand the pressures on each system by appreciating the options that are elsewhere accepted as common beliefs.

Barriers in the Decision Making About and Performance of Continuous Sedation Until Death in Nursing Homes

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 916-925
Author(s):  
Lenzo Robijn ◽  
Luc Deliens ◽  
Judith Rietjens ◽  
Peter Pype ◽  
Kenneth Chambaere
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Organizational Barriers ◽  
Organization Of Care ◽  
Continuous Sedation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Background and Objectives While decision making about and performance of continuous sedation involve many challenges, they appear to be particularly pervasive in nursing homes. This study aims to identify barriers to the decision making and performance of continuous sedation until death in Flemish nursing homes as experienced by the health care professionals involved. Research Design and Methods Ten focus groups were held with 71 health care professionals including 16 palliative care physicians, 42 general practitioners, and 13 nursing home staff. Discussions were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a constant comparative approach. Results Perceived barriers concerned factors prior to and during sedation and were classified according to three types: (a) personal barriers related to knowledge and skills including the lack of clarity on what continuous sedation should be used for (linguistic ambiguity) and when and how it should be used (practical ambiguity); (b) relational barriers concerning communication and collaboration both between health care professionals and with family; (c) organizational barriers related to the organization of care in nursing homes where, for example, there is no on-site physician, or where the recommended medication is not always available. Discussion and Implications The findings suggest there are considerable challenges for sound decision making about and performance of continuous sedation until death in nursing homes. There is a need for multicomponent initiatives that provide guidance in the context of the complexity of a resident’s medical situation, the family, and the specific organization of care, which would have the potential to facilitate and improve the decision-making process and performance of continuous sedation in nursing homes.

Pandemic Parliamentary Oversight of Delegated Legislation: Comparing the Performance of Westminster Systems

ICL Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam Dey ◽  
Julian R Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Legislative Oversight ◽  
The World ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
Legislative Model ◽  
Parliamentary Oversight ◽  
The Way

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is testing parliamentary systems of governance across the world, especially in relation to oversight of executive actions. Observers in multiple jurisdictions have already noted the proliferation of delegated legislation during the pandemic and the shortcomings in legislative oversight of the same. To date, however, no close analysis has been conducted of the way in which legislative oversight mechanisms have broken down during the pandemic. This paper provides such an analysis, using examples from Westminster systems adopting the ‘legislative model’ of providing extraordinary powers. Looking at individual examples from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the analysis seeks to identify and explain the failures, and relative successes, in different mechanisms for parliamentary oversight, including parliamentary scrutiny committees (pre-existing and ad-hoc), disallowance, and sunset clauses. Although primarily descriptive, the comparative approach analysis permits preliminary conclusions to be drawn as to the way each jurisdiction may improve its methods of parliamentary oversight of delegated legislation. These comparative lessons will be of use both during and beyond the pandemic.

scholarly journals Definice, příčiny a důsledky kumulace mandátů zákonodárci

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 141-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Hájek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political System ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Decision Making

The article deals with various aspects of multiple-office holding. Although the phenomenon is especially influential in connection with legislators, the text offers a critical synthesis of recent findings on multiple-office holding on any level of political decision-making, thus providing a general framework for scholarly discussion and further research. The paper first provides a definition of the concept of multiple-office holding, which has been heretofore lacking in the Czech context. Causes of multiple-office holding are then delineated and divided into the three categories of historical reverberations, systemic elements and individual incentives. Both the positive and negative impacts on a political system are discussed as well. Next, three approaches (direct, indirect, and autoregulatory) of dealing with the practice of multiple-office holding, which are employed by particular political systems, are distinguished. Then, the role of a multiple-office holding in the Czech political system is depicted. The final part of the paper discusses a specific controversy linked to the phenomenon and criticises the lack of proper debates and scientific analyses on the practice.

Single-Party Parliamentary Governments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Auerswald ◽  
Stephen M. Saideman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Political System ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Minority Government ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses a second type of political system where individual leaders are empowered: parliamentary systems with a single party controlling the government. Great Britain and Canada have been important players in Afghanistan, with both showing significant variation in what they were willing to do over time. One key difference is that Canada was led by a minority government for nearly all of its time in Afghanistan. Thus, these two countries have very similar institutions, similar political cultures, and large variations in how they have performed in Afghanistan and how they have been governed at home. These differences allow one to distinguish the key forces shaping decision making when prime ministers are unencumbered by the requirements of maintaining a domestic political coalition. This chapter then touches on two other countries in this category: Spain and Turkey.

scholarly journals Discussion on the Feasibility of Nudge in Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Liu Hongyang ◽  
Kremenkova Lucie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Public Decision

This paper first introduces the definition of nudge, the history of nudge and the advantages of nudge. This concept means a relatively subtle policy shift that encourages people to make decisions that are in their broad self-interest. It relies on insights from behavioral science, and when used ethically, it can be very helpful. Subsequently, the research results of the nudge method in public decision-making fields such as health and environmental protection are listed, inferring the feasibility of nudge method in the field of education, especially learners’ specific behavior decision. Then according to the classification of the nudge method by the decision-making system, the research on nudge used in the education field is enumerated. It demonstrates that nudge still has a lot of room for expansion in the field of education.

Validation of the Procrastination at Work Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-776
Author(s):  
U. Baran Metin ◽  
Toon W. Taris ◽  
Maria C. W. Peeters ◽  
Max Korpinen ◽  
Urška Smrke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Negative Links ◽  
Office Employees

Abstract. Procrastination at work has been examined relatively scarcely, partly due to the lack of a globally validated and context-specific workplace procrastination scale. This study investigates the psychometric characteristics of the Procrastination at Work Scale (PAWS) among 1,028 office employees from seven countries, namely, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it was aimed to test the measurement invariance of the PAWS and explore its discriminant validity by examining its relationships with work engagement and performance. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis shows that the basic factor structure and item loadings of the PAWS are invariant across countries. Furthermore, the two subdimensions of procrastination at work exhibited different patterns of relationships with work engagement and performance. Whereas soldiering was negatively related to work engagement and task performance, cyberslacking was unrelated to engagement and performance. These results indicate further validity evidence for the PAWS and the psychometric characteristics show invariance across various countries/languages. Moreover, workplace procrastination, especially soldiering, is a problematic behavior that shows negative links with work engagement and performance.

Картофелекопатель с ротационной сепарирующей поверхностью

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.M. Alakin ◽  
G.S. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Performance Data ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Definition Of

Приведены результаты исследований экспериментального картофелекопателя с ротационной сепарирующей поверхностью. Особое внимание уделяется обоснованию конструктивных параметров и определению рабочих характеристик нового сепарирующего устройства. На основе анализа результатов экспериментальных исследований определены наиболее оптимальные режимы работы экспериментального картофелекопателя.Research results of an experimental potato digger with rotational separating web are published in this article. Special attention is paid to definition of design characteristics and performance data of the new separating device. Admissible operating modes are defined on the basis of the analysis of results of pilot studies of the experimental potato digger.

A Unifying Principle for a Researcher Learning Safety: Reduce Uncertainty!

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Kao ◽  
Russell Furr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Mission Statement ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Mission Statements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Conveying safety information to researchers is challenging. A list of rules and best practices often is not remembered thoroughly even by individuals who want to remember everything. Researchers in science thinking according to principles: mathematical, physical, and chemical laws; biological paradigms. They use frameworks and logic, rather than memorization, to achieve the bulk of their work. Can safety be taught to researchers in a manner that matches with how they are trained to think? Is there a principle more defined than "Think safety!" that can help researchers make good decisions in situations that are complex, new, and demanding?<div><br></div><div>Effective trainings in other professions can arise from the use of a mission statement that participants internalize as a mental framework or model for future decision-making. We propose that mission statements incorporating the concept of <b>reducing uncertainty</b> could provide such a framework for learning safety. This essay briefly explains the definition of <b>uncertainty</b> in the context of health and safety, discusses the need for an individual to <b>personalize</b> a mission statement in order to internalize it, and connects the idea of <b>greater control</b> over a situation with less uncertainty with respect to safety. The principle of reducing uncertainty might also help <b>non-researchers</b> think about safety. People from all walks of life should be able to understand that more control over their situations provides more protection for them, their colleagues, and the environment.</div>

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