Rural Nonfarm Enterprises in Tanzania’s Economic Transformation

The chapter explores the nature of rural nonfarm activities to better understand their contribution to the economic development and diversification of rural areas or rural transformation. Numerous data sources are used to demonstrate rural household participation in the nonfarm economy. They also reveal heterogeneity in firm productivity by sector. Using a probit analysis, we identify the characteristics of firms that make them more likely to fall into a category of ‘high potential’ firms in order to better understand the correlates of enterprise success in rural areas. We found the following for rural businesses: (i) those owned by females are less productive; (ii) businesses that operate full-time are more productive; (iii) businesses operated by owners who live in households that are not poor are more productive; (iv) owners who see their businesses as growing are more productive; and (v) businesses with more customers and regional (vs local) customers are more productive.

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Cities and Rural Transformation

Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 172-204

Author(s):

Xinshen Diao ◽

Peixun Fang ◽

Eduardo Magalhaes ◽

Stefan Pahl ◽

Jed Silver

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Households ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Small Cities ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

Rural Employment ◽

Technological Adoption ◽

Urbanized Areas ◽

The City

The chapter focuses on answering four broad questions relevant to economic transformation in Ghana. First, are patterns of rural employment changing with urbanization and do these changes have any spatial patterns that are associated with proximity to cities of different sizes? Secondly, what are the impacts of rural transformation on the youth in the rural areas? Thirdly, what are the impacts of urbanization on agricultural intensification for youth and non-youth? Finally, what are the welfare or income implications of the rural transformation that has created heterogeneous livelihood opportunities? Proximity to cities has a strong effect on the exit of rural households from agriculture, and this trend is stronger with increases in the size of the city. Only when considering youth-headed rural households, do they become more likely to exit agriculture everywhere including in northern districts with small cities. Technological adoption is higher among youth in the more urbanized areas. Rural poverty rates appear consistently lower among non-agricultural households.

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Government Policies and Rural Entrepreneurship- Case Study of an Horticulture Entrepreneur

Journal of Entrepreneurship & Management ◽

10.21863/jem/2016.5.2.028 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vinod N. Sambrani

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Process Development ◽

Full Time ◽

Rural Entrepreneurship ◽

Development Institutions ◽

Startup Time ◽

Nursery Management ◽

The Government

India is a country which is in forefront of being called a developed nation. To be a developed nation, India has to first look at its rural development, because 70 percent of the population live in rural areas, which means more than 700 million people are spread across 6,27,000 villages. Rural development is more than ever before linked to entrepreneurship. Establishments and agencies promoting rural development now look at entrepreneurship as a strategic development medium that could speed up the rural development process. Development institutions believe that rural entrepreneurship offers a huge potential for employment. In this paper a case study of a young entrepreneur who has taken up horticulture (vegetable plants nursery) as his full time profession, with a mission to help the neighbouring farmers is studied, the purpose of this paper is to understand the government role (policies and schemes), the difficulties faced by the entrepreneur during the startup time and knowledge transfer from the horticulture department, nursery management. The methodology followed is in-depth interaction with the entrepreneur. The outcome of paper will be to understand how rural entrepreneurship is helping improve the quality of life for families, communities and individuals leading to sustainable economy and environment.

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When the Day Goes Awry: Families Caring for Persons With Dementia

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 638-639

Author(s):

Karen Roberto ◽

Jyoti Savla ◽

Steven Zarit

Keyword(s):

Family Caregivers ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Service Use ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Care Quality ◽

Future Research ◽

Full Time ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Formal Service ◽

Formal Services

Abstract The daily lives of family caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD) often require that they manage multiple competing demands in a context of unpredictability. Memory and behavior changes associated with dementia can cause PwD to act in random and irrational ways that create stress and influence all aspects of caregivers’ everyday life. Supportive others, including informal helpers and formal service professionals, should provide relief to primary caregivers; however, help may not alleviate caregiver stress and can sometimes compound the burden of care. This symposium draws on daily diary surveys and face-to-face interviews to focus on four aspects of managing everyday care of PwD among family caregivers in rural areas. Brandy Renee McCann explores how caregivers’ vigilance on behalf of PwD care quality interacts with service use. Karen Roberto examines the ways in which caregivers manage PwD resistance to help, including their use of forceful care strategies. Rosemary Blieszner focuses on competing caregiver roles and demands that may contribute to or alleviate caregiver stress. Tina Savla addresses the unexpected, and often hidden, challenges involved in using formal services. Collectively, the four presentations provide in-depth insight into the complicated daily lives of families coping with dementia and the ways in which they meet the demands of full-time caregiving under often difficult and challenging circumstances. Discussant Steve Zarit considers the efficacy of these management strategies for various aspects of everyday care and offers suggestions for future research and person-centered programs and interventions to reduce health disparities among caregivers in rural areas.

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Towards Automatic Data Format Transformations: Data Wrangling at Scale

The Computer Journal ◽

10.1093/comjnl/bxy118 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 1044-1060 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alex Bogatu ◽

Norman W Paton ◽

Alvaro A A Fernandes ◽

Martin Koehler

Keyword(s):

Analysis Data ◽

Data Sources ◽

Open Government ◽

Tool Support ◽

Data Format ◽

Automatic Data ◽

Open Government Data ◽

Automatic Discovery ◽

Numerous Data ◽

Government Data

Abstract Data wrangling is the process whereby data are cleaned and integrated for analysis. Data wrangling, even with tool support, is typically a labour intensive process. One aspect of data wrangling involves carrying out format transformations on attribute values, for example so that names or phone numbers are represented consistently. Recent research has developed techniques for synthesizing format transformation programs from examples of the source and target representations. This is valuable, but still requires a user to provide suitable examples, something that may be challenging in applications in which there are huge datasets or numerous data sources. In this paper, we investigate the automatic discovery of examples that can be used to synthesize format transformation programs. In particular, we propose two approaches to identifying candidate data examples and validating the transformations that are synthesized from them. The approaches are evaluated empirically using datasets from open government data.

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Advancing the Use and Quality of Peritoneal Dialysis by Developing a Peritoneal Dialysis Satellite Center Program

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.3747/pdi.2010.00041 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 121-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Zongpei Jiang ◽

Xueqing Yu

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Southern China ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Dropout Rate ◽

Full Time ◽

Technique Survival ◽

Treatment Practices ◽

Center Program

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is developing rapidly in China, but because there are not enough well-trained PD doctors and nurses in more rural areas, this expansion is occurring mainly in larger cities. To address this imbalance, our center established a PD satellite center program across Guangdong Province, with the aim of extending the use and improving the quality of PD.MethodsSun Yat-sen University PD center is responsible for running the satellite program. The PD satellite centers are selected using specific criteria. The full-time PD physicians and nurses in the satellite centers accept a unified training program and treatment practices, and their clinical outcomes are carefully followed by our center.ResultsThe program began in January 2008, and there are now 12 PD centers from which 26 doctors and 32 nurses received PD training. Several hundred patients are now receiving PD through this program. The total number of PD patients treated by our center and the satellites increased to 1860 from 1010. The number treated in the satellite units increased to 1165 from 601. The annual dropout rate fell to 17.6% from 28.2%, and the average peritonitis incidence fell from 1 episode in 39.4 patient–months to 1 episode in 46.2 patient–months. The 1-year patient and technique survival rates increased to 84.2% from 82.0% and to 93% from 88.7% respectively.ConclusionsOur PD satellite center program is a good model for increasing the use and improving the quality of PD in rural areas. We plan to expand this program to other parts of southern China.

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Deagrarianization and Depeasantization: A Dynamic Process of Transformation in Rural China

Rural China ◽

10.1163/22136746-12341276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 257-282

Author(s):

Zhanping Hu (呼占平)

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Process ◽

Rural China ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Full Time ◽

Reform Era ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

Socioeconomic Changes ◽

Rural Revitalization ◽

Part Time ◽

Chinese Agriculture

Abstract Centering on the terms of “deagrarianization” 去农化 and “depeasantization” 去小农化, this article aims to reinterpret socioeconomic changes in rural China from a theoretical and global perspective. Deagrarianization and depeasantization interwove to shape the dynamic process of rural transformation. Throughout the reform era, rural China underwent a transition from “deagrarianization without depeasantization” to “salient depeasantization.” In the end, deagrarianization led to a continual process of rural deterioration and at the same time turned rural China into a space of complexity. Depeasantization has been diversifying Chinese agriculture into multiple organizational forms. The mode of “part-time worker and part-time farmer” that emerged in the process of deagrarianization is gradually yielding to the specializing mode of “full-time farmer” or “full-time worker” during depeasantization. The strategy of rural revitalization should be adjusted dynamically on the basis of a recognition of these two interwoven processes.

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Unlocking the “Base-of Pyramid” Readiness

International Business Strategy and Entrepreneurship - Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4753-4.ch015 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 240-248

Author(s):

Hasliza Abdul Halim ◽

Noor Hazlina Ahmad ◽

T. Ramayah

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Business Models ◽

Business Development ◽

Community Readiness ◽

Poverty Eradication ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

The World ◽

The Government ◽

Base Of Pyramid ◽

Malaysian Government

The potential of the Base-Of Pyramid (BOP) community cannot be realized without an entrepreneurial orientation – an orientation that aims to create market and promote innovation. In line with the notion of the world is searching for avenues for profitable growth and innovation, converting the BOP into active entrepreneurs will foster innovations in business models (Simanis & Milstein, 2012). Realizing this situation, the Malaysian government stated the ambition of becoming a developed nation by the year 2020, and thus, the government has to accelerate their transition into an innovation-based economy. Poverty eradication has become the most important issue in Malaysia. In fact, Malaysia has embarked on many poverty eradication programmes, evidenced by the sharp decline in the incidence of poverty from 52.4% in 1970 to 12.4% in 1992 and further decreased to 3.8% in 2009 (Tenth Malaysia Plan, 2011). Under the Government Transformation Program (GTP), Malaysian government has established Rural Transformation Program (RTP) to reduce the extreme hardcore poor household to zero and also to halve the number of the BOP community. In this manner, Rural Transformation Centre (RTC) was introduced to optimize the potential of rural areas as the generator and growth of new economy. Although Malaysia has done remarkably well, there are challenges to serve this segment in which they need specific interventions to increase attention to eliminate inequalities between rich and poor. Hence, this chapter unlocks and explores the BOP community readiness to venture into business development.

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Data Sources and Issues in Measurement

10.1093/oso/9780197602157.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 13-30

Author(s):

Robert E.B. Lucas

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Information Sources ◽

Data Sources ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Place Of Origin ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

Migrant Flow ◽

Previous Location

This chapter details the data sources deployed and the approaches to deriving measures from them. National definitions of urban settlements vary but are demonstrated to match satellite imagery surprisingly well. Most selected sources ask if the place of origin was rural or urban, though in several censuses this is imputed on the nature of the location of origin, rejecting instances where locations prove too diverse; significant contrasts are not found between the two approaches. Those sources that ask place of birth show significantly lower lifetime migration from urban to rural areas than those reporting only location during childhood; their rural-urban migration propensities do not differ. Measures of migrant flow rates, return migration, and other temporary moves require interim location information. Sources reporting the previous location and duration of residence prove more useful than those asking location five years before. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected.

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Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania

The World Bank Economic Review ◽

10.1093/wber/lhz035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S58-S62

Author(s):

Xinshen Diao ◽

Josaphat Kweka ◽

Margaret McMillan ◽

Zara Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Labor Productivity ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Business Owners ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Full Time ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

New Evidence

Abstract Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.

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Towards Inclusive, Quality ICT-Based Learning for Rural Transformation

Journal of Education and Research ◽

10.3126/jer.v5i0.15733 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 107-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vinayagum Chinapah ◽

Jared O. Odero

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Formal Structure ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Skills Development ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

The North ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact

Information and communication technology (ICT) has emerged as a tool that can enhance flexible learning pathways. ICT has the potential to increase equitable access to quality learning, which is essential for skills development. Skills are required in technology-related nonfarm activities so as to improve livelihoods and achieve sustainable rural transformation. However, slow pace of the developing countries to utilize the benefits of the ongoing technological revolution in the North has resulted in the ‘digital divide’. Besides, it is still problematic to implement ICT programmes for educational development. The current and future challenges of providing ICT-based learning desperately call for the reengineering of education to move out of the formal structure of teaching and learning, towards building a more practical and realistic approach. By means of a literature review, this paper examines and discusses why it is important to provide inclusive, quality ICT-based learning, particularly in the rural areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It recommends that diverse ICT-based solutions be adopted to promote skills development and training within non-formal and informal settings. More comparative studies are also required to understand the impact of ICT-based learning in rural areas.

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