Three Suburbs

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-55
Author(s):  
Allison L. C. Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
The Third ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
The Ideal

“Three Suburbs” examines the three best-preserved Roman suburbs—located at Pompeii, Ostia, and in a recently excavated neighbouhood of Rome itself—to find patterns in their form and development, as well as to understand the forces that first shaped and later dismantled them. Alongside comparative evidence drawn from cities across the peninsula, the case studies indicate that suburbs emerged under Augustus and continued to grow through the early and mid-Imperial periods, before declining in the third and fourth centuries CE. The chapter argues for various factors that determined their rise and fall—not limited to changing population sizes, waxing and waning prosperity, and vicissitudes in Italy’s security—but above all identifies the primary role of changing ideals: inspired by the capital, the ideal city of the Augustan period was open and expansive, while that of the Late Empire was ornamented and defended by impressive fortifications.

A Social Sonic Paradigm

2021 ◽  
pp. 540-554
Author(s):  
Tegan Bristow ◽  
João Orecchia Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This chapter presents an examination of why—in contemporary Africa, with Southern Africa as the primary focus—there are very few artists working with sound in a manner that fits the paradigm of sound art as it is known in Euro-America. Emphasis is not placed on a lack of intellectual engagement, which is significant in the Euro-American definition of sound art. What is presented does not aim to deviate from this, but rather acts to affirm an engagement with alternative forms of knowledge and mechanisms of sound found in the South. Three areas are explored; these however are interlinked and do not stand alone. The first is an understanding of the practice of interdisciplinarity as political engagement. The second explores the role of community and communal interaction with sound and how this is fundamental to form in the region. The third extends this by showing how the histories of knowledge and power are fundamental to these explorations in the region, emphasizing how contemporary explorations of sound are used to both contain and shift these histories. The chapter takes shape with the use of case studies and draws on interviews conducted by the authors.

Inspiratory elevation of the ribs in the dog: primary role of the parasternals [published errata appear in J Appl Physiol 1991 Aug;71(2):following Table of Contents and 1991 Dec;71(6):following Author Index]

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Fourth Rib

To assess the relative contributions of the different groups of inspiratory intercostal muscles to the cranial motion of the ribs in the dog, we have measured the axial displacement of the fourth rib and recorded the electromyograms of the parasternal intercostal, external intercostal, and levator costae in the third interspace in 15 anesthetized animals breathing at rest. In eight animals, the parasternal intercostals were denervated in interspaces 1-5. This procedure caused a marked increase in the amount of external intercostal and levator costae inspiratory activity, and yet the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was reduced by 55%. On the other hand, the external intercostals in interspaces 1-5 were sectioned in seven animals, and the reduction in the cranial rib motion was only 22%; the amount of parasternal and levator costae activity, however, was unchanged. When the parasternals in these animals were subsequently denervated, the levator costae inspiratory activity increased markedly, but the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was abolished or reversed into an inspiratory caudal motion. These studies thus confirm that, in the dog breathing at rest, the parasternal intercostals have a larger role than the external intercostals and levator costae in causing the cranial motion of the ribs during inspiration. A quantitative analysis suggests that the parasternal contribution is approximately 80%.

scholarly journals Buildings, Faces, Songs of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms the Meaning Out There

Interiority ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Pieter Marthinus De Kock
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Spatial Quality ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind

This paper presents a theoretical framework that explores visual meaning in the design and use of interior space. It is comprised of three main parts. The first outlines the framework and draws on several key theories. The second introduces three very different constructs as case studies that in#uence (or are a product of) spatial quality, namely: buildings, faces, and songs of alienation. The third part is a discussion about how each of these three constructs are linked to each other as well as to the idea of interiority. While architectural forms are containers of meaning, the way in which interior space is curated is driven by deeper meaning–one that transcends form and function because people ultimately produce the meaning. And because each person is different, the conditions of interiority (in this case, the meaning that resides within each person) drives the meaning of external constructs that act as enclosures of meaning (buildings and their interiors). The findings are that the mind and body can be projected beyond the facade and into the spaces contained in the buildings we occupy. The role of technology is also important because changes in technology help mediate the process of linking the meaning inside with the meaning out there.

scholarly journals HISTORY AS A WAY TO THE IDEAL

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
E. F. Kazakov ◽  
V. I. Krasikov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Identity Crisis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Ideal

The article examines the role of the social ideal in history according to the evolution of the Perfect Person image. The Ideal is understood as the image of the appropriate that allows one to assess the things in existence and direction of its development. The pursuit of the Ideal, the essential intention of the person required for their incarnation is one of the driving forces of history. Every historical period constructs its own image of a perfect person and strives to get closer to this image. Ideas about the Perfect Man have been shaped throughout the whole human history, which reflects the permanent dissatisfaction that is inherent to human – dissatisfaction with himself and the world around, the lack of implementation of the essence in their existence, intention to gain their own deepest identity. The first Perfect Man was a Beast. In the prehistoric period it was the Outer Beast that had to be conquered, whereas in antiquity it was the Inner Beast. That was when the first identity crisis arose as a result of inadequate self-esteem ("man as the measure of all things"). The Perfect Man of the Middle Ages was God. The Beast now belonged to the inaccessible past, while God was in the unattainable eternal. This was the second identity crisis. In modern times the Perfect Man becomes a Man. The concept of perfection (as a real possibility) within a man becomes domineering. However, depriving a Man of metaphysics leads to the third identity crisis. In modern times the Perfect Man, increasingly, appears to be a Machine as a man devoid of human weaknesses with heightened human qualities. The analogy between human and machine leads to the fourth identity crisis. The New Perfect Man will be a man as a unique result of the development of all human culture, the synthesis of the unique and the universal.

The Ideal of the Graduate Worker

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerbrand Tholen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Ideal

This final chapter concludes the book and reflects on the findings described in the previous chapters. The chapter explains how the idealized version of graduate workers (as being a distinct labour market grouping aligned with high-skilled, high-waged employment) has not really wavered. To understand the status of graduate workers as a group we need to understand the symbolic power graduates hold within the labour market (through symbolic categorization and classification). Yet the case studies also show that the meanings of graduate work, skills, and occupations vary, leaving room for interpretation and contention. The chapter reflects on the role of higher education in the labour market, how we can improve our understanding of graduate work, and what this means for debates about skill policy and social mobility.

Šillers, Gēte un Rainis par spēli: kultūrfilozofiski NAIVĀ un SENTIMENTĀLĀ izpratnes krustpunkti

2020 ◽  
pp. 336-361
Author(s):  
Olga Senkāne
Keyword(s):  
Friedrich Schiller ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cultural Philosophy ◽  
Aesthetic Field ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Missing Element ◽  
The Ideal

The study attempts to find the common in the cultural philosophy of Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) and Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) and to discover the role of Schiller’s play theory in the formation of Goethe’s tragedy “Faust” in order to clarify subsequently the possible inspiration of Latvian writer Rainis (1865–1929), the first renderer of “Faust” in Latvian, from Schiller through Goethe’s text. The cultural philosophy of Schiller and Goethe is based on the idea of the sick and healthy culture or its cultural and pre-cultural state. The ideal of a healthy culture stems from the achievement of a former pre-cultural state: to synchronize the incompatible, usually separated in time, functioning one by one sense and rational passions with the third passion – the play. In ancient art, the observed balance of passions is permanently lost; one can only aspire to it perpetually and yearn morally. The endless struggle is always represented by the aesthetic play or balancing product – semblance, a characteristic feature of a cultural state, an interplay between reality and truth, nature and thinking. The aesthetic play, creation of individual forms, is the only path to human perfection – the general form (concept and law) because it respects and reconciles the two basic passions. Semblance or art confirms a person’s desire to return to the balance of passions and regain lost perfection. The type of culture can be determined depending on the attitude towards polar passions and the success or failure of a balance between them. Semblance or art offers solutions for finding the essence of a human being and renders it in two ways: 1) selects common forms (concepts) and reveals them with original content (Goethe and Rainis); 2) chooses original shapes (ideas, ideals) and discovers them with recognizable content (Schiller). Images by Goethe and Rainis are characterized by symptoms of lack. To recover the missing element, you have to return to the balance. The direction and sequence of the balancing movement are pointed out by Goethe and Rainis according to Schiller’s vision: nature is at the back, idea – in the front, but between them is the play. The indicator of success or failure of balancing is the followers or descendants. As long as the artist suppresses some of the passions or is satisfied with one at a time, then another, he does not enter the aesthetic field of the play, his perfection does not manifest itself and no one follows him. Faust’s pursuit of perfection is difficult because he is in the power of sensuality and will; he must go a long way of delusion to get into the field of play. Therefore, in the finale of the tragedy, when he finally activates his dormant will, he can only imagine the desirable but he cannot implement it. He marks the shape in the semblance but leaves it without matter. Also, Tots, an image created by Rainis, gets into the field of play (however with the help of others) and finds the willpower within himself, activates it, but is unable to create anything. In the text of Goethe and Rainis, willpower collides with time and freedom clashes with necessity. To return and align passions is only possible in the imagination which is the key to the artist’s immortality.

scholarly journals Women Architects in Portugal: Working in Colonial Africa before the Carnation Revolution (1950–1974)

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Ana Vaz Milheiro ◽  
Filipa Fiúza
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Late Period ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Women Architects ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
The Ideal

How did women architects shape a modern world in the late period of Portuguese colonial Africa, just before the Carnation Revolution? The specific role of women in Portugal working in colonial African architectural culture has now started to be addressed by Portuguese and Lusophone-African historiography. During the 1950s, the presence of women in the metropolitan schools of architecture was reduced. Of those who could graduate, few actually worked as architects. Most were absorbed by the commonly feminine roles, resulting from marriage and from the ideal of family promoted by the Estado Novo dictatorship. To the ones that risked prosecution for working outside the family, the option of jobs associated with the feminine universe, such as teaching, was privileged. Among those who were emancipated from this pattern, the majority worked in familiar partnerships, regarded as an extension of marriage. The women architects that follow the husbands in their African emigration often ended up having the opportunities to work in their professional field partly due to the lack of qualified technicians, and to the high demand of commissions. This paper not only seeks to outline a perspective on these women, but also tries to understand the context of their work by presenting two case-studies in the late in the late period of Portuguese Colonisation: Maria Carlota Quintanilha and Maria Emilia Caria.

scholarly journals The para-disciplinary role of Design transforming innovation in organisations

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew LIEVESLEY ◽  
Robert YOUNG ◽  
David O’LEARY ◽  
Laura WARWICK
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Innovation Strategies ◽  
Radical Transformation

The research addresses the role of Design creating value at the intersections of disciplines in organisations. It presents a revision to the discourse on the nature of and relationship between Design and other disciplines. This paper advocates a new para-disciplinary term for the post-disciplinary state of Design in its contemporary practices, acting as the ‘inter-discipline’ within organisations that are intent on the strategic development of their innovation capacity and potential. The work builds on a synthesis of findings from a longitudinal range of practice-based design research projects undertaken across industry and the third sector over the last four years. Case studies of these projects demonstrate that the involvement of Design has resulted in successive levels of influence leading to the radical transformation of the organisations’ innovation strategies. The implication for the generic aspect of these findings are discussed in terms of inter-disciplinary discourses.

Consumer Response to Negative Publicity: The Moderating Role of Commitment

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohini Ahluwalia ◽  
Robert E. Burnkrant ◽  
H. Rao Unnava
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Consumer Response ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Negative Publicity ◽  
Moderating Role

Even though negative information about brands and companies is widely prevalent in the marketplace, except for case studies, there has been no systematic investigation of how consumers process negative information about the brands they like and use. In the three studies in this research, the authors attempt to bridge this gap. The findings of the first and second studies provide a theoretical framework for understanding how consumers process negative information in the marketplace. Commitment of the consumer toward the brand is identified as a moderator of negative information effects. In the third study, the authors use this theoretical framework to derive and test response strategies that companies can use to counter negative publicity for consumers who are high and low in commitment toward the brand.

scholarly journals NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN TAUHID DALAM KISAH ASHABUL UKHDUD SURAT AL-BURUJ PERSPEKTIF IBN KATSIR DAN HAMKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
M Muthoifin ◽  
Fahrurozi Fahrurozi
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Education Evaluation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Practice Behavior ◽  
The World ◽  
The Ideal

Tawhed is to insulate God in creation, worship and name and natures. he must be awake with the best of everything that can divert it. Because tawhed is a very basic and fundamental thing for a Muslim's life. Tawhid is the determinant of a person both in the life of the world and the hereafter, happy or miserable, safe or wretched. tawhed became one of the potential that brought every human being when he was born in the world, the need for educational efforts so that potential is maintained. This study aims to determine the concept of tawhed education in the story of ashabul ukhdud. So important is the story that Allah mentioned in the Qur'an. The second goal is to implement the concepts of Tawhed education in Islamic education. Because the most important element in Islamic education is tawhed education, education that teaches every practice, behavior, purpose of life is only God. The results showed that the ideal Islamic education is very concerned about the implementation of tawhid education, because tawhed is the spirit of Islamic education which consists of three principal, first, tawhed rububiyyah education contained therein such as human nature as the basis of tawhed education, the natural sign as a means of tawhed education, reward and punismant in tawhed education. Secondly, the education of tawhed uluhiyyah such as, the role of educators in tawhid education, evaluation in tawhed education and tawhed education throughout life. Then the third tawhid asthma 'wasifat (names and natures of Allah) education.Tauhid yaitu mengesakan Allah dalam rububiyyah, uluhiyyah dan asma’ washifat, harus terjaga dengan sebaik-baiknya dari segala yang bisa menyelewengkannya. Karena tauhidmerupakan perkara yang sangat pokok dan mendasar bagi kehidupan seorang muslim. Tauhid merupakan penentu seseorang baik di kehidupan dunia maupun akhirat, bahagia atau sengsara, selamat atau celaka. Tauhid menjadi salah satu potensi yang dibawa setiap manusia ketika ia dilahirkan didunia, perlu adanya usaha pendidikan agar potensi itu tetap terjaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep pendidikan tauhid dalam kisah ashabul ukhdud. Begitu pentingnya kisah tersebut sehingga Allah menyebutkannya dalam Al-Qur’an. Tujuan kedua yaitu untuk mengimplemen-tasikan konsep-konsep pendidikan tauhid dalam pendidikan Islam. Karena unsur terpenting dalam pendidikan Islam adalah pendidikan tauhid, pendidikan yang mengajarkan setiap amalan, perilaku, tujuan hidup hanya Allah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan Islam yang ideal sangatlah memperhatikan pelaksanaan pendidikan tauhid, karena tauhid merupakan ruh dari pendidikan Islam yang terdiri dari tiga pokok, pertama, pendidikan tauhid rububiyyah yang terkandung didalamnya seperti fitrah manusia sebagai dasar pendidkan tauhid, ayat kauniah sebagai sarana pendidikan tauhid, Targhib dan tarhib dalam pendidikan tauhid. Kedua, pendidikan tauhid uluhiyyah seperti, peran pendidik dalam pendidikan tauhid, evaluasi dalam pendidikan tauhid dan pendidikan sepanjang hayat. Kemudian yang ketiga pendidikan tauhid asma’ wasifat.

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