Well-Digging

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-152
Author(s):  
Camilla Toulmin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Village ◽  
Private Wells ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Capital Value

Wells are of great importance in this arid zone to provide for household needs and water livestock. Well-digging by individual households in Kala has become a major activity, the number growing from 16 in 1980 to 43 in 1983. Private wells are dug mainly to exchange water with visiting livestock keepers during the dry season, in exchange for the dung from the herd, which builds up soil fertility in the village fields, and produces higher millet yields. Analysis of the profitability of well-digging explores costs and returns, for the four different household types, A, B, C, D in order to understand the wide range in returns from this investment over time. Risks to the well’s capital value, ways to control this risk, and flexibility in such an investment are described before assessing the consequences for those households unable to invest in this asset.

scholarly journals Integrating farmers' knowledge, attitude and practice in the development of sustainable Striga control interventions in southern Mali

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
S.K. Debrah ◽  
T. Defoer ◽  
M. Bengaly
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Farmer Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Village ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice ◽  
Rural Appraisal ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Technologies for Striga control have not been widely adopted because of the mismatch between technologies and farmers' socio-economic conditions. This study used a participatory rural appraisal technique at the village, household and plot levels to diagnose the extent of the Striga problem in two agro-ecological zones in southern Mali. This has resulted in an understanding of farmers' attitudes and constraints to Striga control, and opportunities for the development of sustainable technologies suitable for a wide range of farming conditions. Results show that the degree of Striga infestation, levels of farmer knowledge and control practices vary substantially across village territories and fields, and that the severity of the infestation is clearly linked with soil fertility condition and farming practices. It was concluded that in general, the Striga control interventions that would most likely appeal to farmers would be those that will simultaneously improve soil fertility and suppress the development of Striga.

DINAMIKA POLITIK PERSETUJUAN BERSAMA TENTANG PENETAPAN DESA ADAT DI KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU TAHUN 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Haryo Suganda ◽  
Raja Muhammad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Information Method ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Village

This study is motivated the identification of policies issued by the regional Governmentof Rokan Hulu in the form of Regulatory region number 1 by 2015 on the determination of thevillage and Indigenous Village. Political dynamics based on various interests against themanufacture of, and decision-making in the process of formation of the corresponding localregulations determination of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is impacted to a verysignificantamount of changes from the initial draft of the number i.e. 21 (twenty one) the villagebecame Customary 89 (eighty-nine) the Indigenous Villages who have passed. Type of thisresearch is a qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The research aims to describe theState of the real situation in a systematic and accurate fact analysis unit or related research, aswell as observations of the field based on the data (information). Method of data collectionwas done with interviews, documentation, and observations through fieldwork (field research).The results of the research on the process of discussion of the draft local regulations andmutual agreement about Designation of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is, showed thatthe political dynamics that occur due to the presence of various political interests, rejectionorally by Villagers who were judged to have met the requirements of Draft Regulations to beformulated and the area for the set to be Indigenous Villages, and also there is a desire fromsome villages in the yet to Draft local regulations in order to set the Indigenous village , there isa wide range of interests of these aspects influenced the agreement to assign the entire localVillage which is in the Rokan Hulu become Indigenous village, and the village of Transmigrationinto administrative Villages where the initiator of the changes in the number of IndigenousVillages in the Rokan Hulu it is the desire of the local Government of its own.

Danube River Basin: Progress with the Environmental Programme

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Botterweg ◽  
D. W. Rodda
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Danube River ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Global Environment Facility ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Wide Range

An Internationally funded Programme, involving the European Commission, the Global Environment Facility managed by UN Development Programme, the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, is addressing river basin problems in a unique situation. The solution of these should lead to the prevention of pollution and better water quality, protected ecosystems, sustainable water resources and more efficient sewerage and waste water treatment facilities for the 90 million population living in the region and the reduction of pollution impact on the Black Sea into which the Danube River flows. The paper introduces current Programme activities, the challenges being met and progress. Work is described for implementing a monitoring strategy, an accident emergency warning system and implementation of the 1994 Strategic Action Plan. The applied research activity is explained. The Programme is a major activity with many elements addressing a wide range of environmental problems in the catchment of a major international waterway.

Anti-corruption in History

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Legitimate Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Over Time

Anticorruption in History is the first major collection of case studies on how past societies and polities, in and beyond Europe, defined legitimate power in terms of fighting corruption and designed specific mechanisms to pursue that agenda. It is a timely book: corruption is widely seen today as a major problem, undermining trust in government, financial institutions, economic efficiency, the principle of equality before the law and human wellbeing in general. Corruption, in short, is a major hurdle on the “path to Denmark”—a feted blueprint for stable and successful statebuilding. The resonance of this view explains why efforts to promote anticorruption policies have proliferated in recent years. But while the subjects of corruption and anticorruption have captured the attention of politicians, scholars, NGOs and the global media, scant attention has been paid to the link between corruption and the change of anticorruption policies over time and place. Such a historical approach could help explain major moments of change in the past as well as reasons for the success and failure of specific anticorruption policies and their relation to a country’s image (of itself or as construed from outside) as being more or less corrupt. It is precisely this scholarly lacuna that the present volume intends to begin to fill. A wide range of historical contexts are addressed, ranging from the ancient to the modern period, with specific insights for policy makers offered throughout.

scholarly journals A Newfangled Collagenase Inhibitor Topical Formulation Based on Ethosomes with Sambucus nigra L. Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Ana Henriques Mota ◽  
Inês Prazeres ◽  
Henrique Mestre ◽  
Andreia Bento-Silva ◽  
Maria João Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Topical Formulation ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra) is a shrub widespread in Europe and western Asia, traditionally used in medicine, that has become popular in recent years as a potential source of a wide range of interesting bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a topical S. nigra extract formulation based on ethosomes and thus to support its health claims with scientific evidence. S. nigra extract was prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method and then included in ethosomes. The ethosomes were analyzed in terms of their size, stability over time, morphology, entrapment capacity (EC), extract release profile, stability over time and several biological activities. The prepared ethosomes were indicated to be well defined, presenting sizes around 600 nm. The extract entrapment capacity in ethosomes was 73.9 ± 24.8%, with an interesting slow extract release profile over 24 h. The extract-loaded ethosomes presented collagenase inhibition activity and a very good skin compatibility after human application. This study demonstrates the potential use of S. nigra extract incorporated in ethosomes as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient and on further studies should be performed to better understand the impact of S. nigra compounds on skin care over the time.

ExpanDrogram: Dynamic Visualization of Big Data Segmentation over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
A. Khalemsky ◽  
R. Gelbard
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Segmentation Process ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

In dynamic and big data environments the visualization of a segmentation process over time often does not enable the user to simultaneously track entire pieces. The key points are sometimes incomparable, and the user is limited to a static visual presentation of a certain point. The proposed visualization concept, called ExpanDrogram, is designed to support dynamic classifiers that run in a big data environment subject to changes in data characteristics. It offers a wide range of features that seek to maximize the customization of a segmentation problem. The main goal of the ExpanDrogram visualization is to improve comprehensiveness by combining both the individual and segment levels, illustrating the dynamics of the segmentation process over time, providing “version control” that enables the user to observe the history of changes, and more. The method is illustrated using different datasets, with which we demonstrate multiple segmentation parameters, as well as multiple display layers, to highlight points such as new trend detection, outlier detection, tracking changes in original segments, and zoom in/out for more/less detail. The datasets vary in size from a small one to one of more than 12 million records.

Health Disparities and the Law: Wrongs in Search of a Right

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Bobinski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Coercion ◽  
Healthy People 2010 ◽  
Over Time

Healthy People 2010 provides our Nation with the wide range of public health opportunities that exist in the first decade of the 21st century. With 467 objectives in 28 focus areas, Healthy People 2010 will be a tremendously valuable asset … . Healthy People 2010 reflects the very best in public health planning—it is comprehensive, it was created by a broad coalition of experts from many sectors, it has been designed to measure progress over time, and, most important, it clearly lays out a series of objectives to bring better health to all people in this country.The current responses to the traditional health perils … have been weakened. At the same time, it seems to this outsider as though the entire public health establishment is united around the proposition that massive public action should be taken to deal with the new “epidemics,” such as obesity and diabetes … . But the use of the term “epidemic” is just the wrong way to think about this issue. There are no noncommunicable epidemics … . Yet the designation [of] obesity as a public health epidemic is designed to signal that state coercion is appropriate … .

scholarly journals Markov-Modulated Continuous-Time Markov Chains to Identify Site- and Branch-Specific Evolutionary Variation in BEAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Guy Baele ◽  
Mandev S Gill ◽  
Paul Bastide ◽  
Philippe Lemey ◽  
Marc A Suchard
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Marginal Likelihood ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Substitution Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Markov Modulated ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Markov models of character substitution on phylogenies form the foundation of phylogenetic inference frameworks. Early models made the simplifying assumption that the substitution process is homogeneous over time and across sites in the molecular sequence alignment. While standard practice adopts extensions that accommodate heterogeneity of substitution rates across sites, heterogeneity in the process over time in a site-specific manner remains frequently overlooked. This is problematic, as evolutionary processes that act at the molecular level are highly variable, subjecting different sites to different selective constraints over time, impacting their substitution behavior. We propose incorporating time variability through Markov-modulated models (MMMs), which extend covarion-like models and allow the substitution process (including relative character exchange rates as well as the overall substitution rate) at individual sites to vary across lineages. We implement a general MMM framework in BEAST, a popular Bayesian phylogenetic inference software package, allowing researchers to compose a wide range of MMMs through flexible XML specification. Using examples from bacterial, viral, and plastid genome evolution, we show that MMMs impact phylogenetic tree estimation and can substantially improve model fit compared to standard substitution models. Through simulations, we show that marginal likelihood estimation accurately identifies the generative model and does not systematically prefer the more parameter-rich MMMs. To mitigate the increased computational demands associated with MMMs, our implementation exploits recent developments in BEAGLE, a high-performance computational library for phylogenetic inference. [Bayesian inference; BEAGLE; BEAST; covarion, heterotachy; Markov-modulated models; phylogenetics.]

Sustaining Research-Based Practices in Reading

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janette K. Klingner ◽  
Sharon Vaughn ◽  
Marie Tejero Hughes ◽  
Maria Elena Arguelles
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Practices ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Strategic Reading ◽  
School Year ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sustained Use ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
Collaborative Strategic Reading ◽  
Research Based Practices ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the extent to which the reading instructional practices learned by a cohort of teachers who participated in an intensive, yearlong professional development experience during the 1994-1995 school year have been sustained and modified over time. Teachers learned three multileveled practices—partner reading, collaborative strategic reading, and making words—that promote gains in reading for students from a wide range of achievement levels. Teachers were observed and interviewed 3 years later to determine the extent to which they continued to implement the practices, the ways in which they modified them, and factors that influenced their sustained use of the practices. With the exception of one teacher, all the teachers sustained one or more of the three practices at a high rate.

The Temple Holiday Prokopy Day in Bolshelug Village of the Komi Republic Over Time (Based on Records of the Beginning of the 21st Century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Алексей Николаевич Рассыхаев
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ritual Practices ◽  
Oral Stories

В работе на основе полевых материалов начала XXI в. дана характеристика особенностей восприятия храмового праздника - Прокопьева дня (21 июля) в с. Большелуг Республики Коми. В устных рассказах информантов 1920-1960-х гг. наблюдается вариативность в его праздновании. Разнообразятся высказывания относительно количества дней празднования храмового праздника (от двух до четырех), даты начала и конца (от 19 до 24 июля), а также очередности гостевания в селе и ближайших деревнях. В условиях отсутствия достоверной информации о практике празднования Прокопьева дня, сложившейся в селе до 1930-х гг., происходит попытка «приватизировать» престольный праздник и начинают функционировать фольклорные рассказы о некогда обычной практике. Став главным общесельским праздником, Прокопьев день начинает притягивать различные ритуальные практики и обычаи (приметы, запреты и предписания). Данная ситуация развивается на фоне того, что в Большелуге церковь освящена во имя Свт. Николая, чудотворца и архиепископа Мир Ликийских, однако Николин день фольклорной традицией остается практически незамеченным. This paper is based on field materials from the beginning of the 21st century and describes the peculiarities of perception of the temple holiday (khramovoi or prestol’nyi prazdnik) - Prokopy Day (July 21) in the village of Bolshelug in the Komi Republic. Compared to oral stories of the 1920s and 1960s, there are variations in its later celebration. Various statements are made regarding the number of days the holiday is celebrated (from July 19 to 24), as well as the order of visiting in the village and in nearby villages. In the absence of reliable information about the practice of celebrating Prokopy Day which had been established in the village by the 1930s, attempts were made to “privatize” the feast day and to put into practice folkloric descriptions of the once common ritual. Having become the main village holiday, Prokopy Day also began to incorporate various new ritual practices and customs (omens, prohibitions and prescriptions). This process developed against the background of the fact that in Bolshelug the church was consecrated to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra, although St. Nicholas Day folklore has remained mostly overlooked.

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