The Spirited Part of the Soul in the Timaeus

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-228
Author(s):  
Josh Wilburn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Biological Foundation

Chapter 8 examines Plato’s account of intrapsychic “communication” in the Timaeus and defends an imagistic account according to which the various activities of the spirited part of the soul—the motivations it generates, its training through musical and gymnastic education, its responsiveness to rational judgment, and its resistance to offensive appetites—can all be explained at the cognitive level by appealing only to the resources of sense-perception, memory, and imagination. On this view, it is not necessary to attribute to spirit the capacity either to understand the “logistic” (i.e. linguistic or propositional) content of rational judgments themselves, or to issue judgments with such content of its own. This chapter also examines how Plato adapts the Homeric and poetic association of thumos with the heart and circulatory system (as well as with the lungs and respiratory system) to provide a biological foundation for the dialogue’s theory of spirited cognition.

scholarly journals Strategy of perioperative

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-230
Author(s):  
Roman V. Garyaev
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Neuraxial Blockade ◽  
Post Operative Period

Central and peripheral regional blockade for surgery are the most suitable, pathogenetically reasonable methods than any other pain relief methods. Advantages of regional blockades are implemented in their extension throughout the required post-operative period. It is proven to reduce the frequency of major complications of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as mortality rates using prolonged epidural analgesia. Unfortunately, the risk of severe hemorrhagic and infectious complications limits the widespread use of neuraxial blockade, so you should not use them at all patients in a row. The strategy of regional anesthesia is not the expansion of the indications for the central blockades, and in choosing the most appropriate for a particular intervention of regional techniques in order to maximize the realization of its benefits and reduction the risk of complications.

scholarly journals Multimorbidity Analysis of 13 Systemic Diseases in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1817
Author(s):  
Jianxing Yu ◽  
Fangying Song ◽  
Yingying Li ◽  
Zhou Zheng ◽  
Huanhuan Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Old People ◽  
Circulatory System Diseases ◽  
Nutritional And Metabolic Diseases

Background: Multimorbidity not only affects the quality of patients’ lives, but can also bring a heavy economic burden to individuals, families and society. The purpose of this study was to reveal the connections between diseases, especially the important role each disease played in the entire multimorbidity network. Methods: A total of 1,155,734 inpatients were enrolled through multistage stratified random sampling in Jilin Province in 2017. Categorical variables were compared using the Rao–Scott-χ2 test. Weighted networks were adopted to present the complex relationships of multimorbidity. Results: The distributions of the number of diseases differed significantly by gender, age and health insurance scheme (P < 0.001). Diseases of the respiratory system had the highest weight in multimorbidity in young people. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and circulatory system diseases were often associated with other systemic diseases in middle aged and old people. Conclusions: Multimorbidity with respiratory system diseases in young people should not be overlooked. Additionally, effective prevention efforts that target endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and circulatory system diseases are needed in middle aged and old people.

scholarly journals The scRNA-seq Expression Profiling of the Receptor ACE2 and the Cellular Protease TMPRSS2 Reveals Human Organs Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jing Qi ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Jiao Hua ◽  
Liying Zhang ◽  
Jialin Bian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Viral Susceptibility

COVID-19 patients always develop multiple organ dysfunction syndromes other than lungs, suggesting the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 also invades other organs. Therefore, studying the viral susceptibility of other organs is important for a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is the receptor protein of SARS-CoV-2, and TMPRSS2 promotes virus proliferation and transmission. We investigated the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels of cell types from 31 organs to evaluate the risk of viral infection using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. For the first time, we found that the gall bladder and fallopian tube are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides, the nose, heart, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, brain, testis, and kidney are also identified to be high-risk organs with high expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Moreover, the susceptible organs are grouped into three risk levels based on the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression. As a result, the respiratory system, digestive system, and urinary system are at the top-risk level for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study provides evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, and urinary system using scRNA-seq data, which helps in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients.

scholarly journals Role of Ayurvedic Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Treatment in Covid-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Amrut.S. Salunke ◽  
Adarsh Ramkalap Sharma ◽  
Sonali Sunil Tadasarkar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antioxidant Treatment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Corona Virus

Corona virus disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2[SARS-CoV-2] infections attacking multisystem of the human body at a time, of which respiratory system, immune system and circulatory system are most affected. The complications of the disease arise or it becomes more pronounced, after the cytokinine storm phase becomes established leading to hypercoagulative state affecting the circulatory and respiratory system. In Ayurveda, there is a holistic approach in treating the disease and the body as a whole. Drugs such as Haridra, Tulasi, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Twak, Triphala, Lavang, Maricha, Pippali etc and few Visha Dravyas like Langali, Dravanti etc can be used a single drug or a group of drugs with their phytochemical properties and active principles leading to delay and prevention of hyper coagulable states thereby preventing the cascade of complications caused by COVID, additionally having anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effect. Scientific research on these drugs may reveal a new approach for management and prevention of COVID related complications and can be a subject of future research interest.

scholarly journals The great convergence? Mortality in Ireland and Europe, 1956–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1090-1097
Author(s):  
James Eighan ◽  
Brendan Walsh ◽  
Sheelah Connolly ◽  
Maev-Ann Wren ◽  
Conor Keegan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sharp Reduction ◽  
Accelerated Convergence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background Until recently, Irish age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were amongst the highest in the EU-15. This study examines changes in ASMRs in Ireland from 1956 to 2014. Methods Using data from the World Health Organization Mortality Database, we compare ASMRs in Ireland to other EU-15 countries from 1956 to 2014. ASMRS are used to plot the relative ranking of Ireland within the EU-15, and illustrate trends in which Ireland diverged with, and converged to, the EU-15 average. ASMRS are estimated across sex, age groups (15–64 and 65+ years) and cause of death. Results Between 1956 and 1999, ASMRs in Ireland were amongst the highest in the EU-15. ASMRs in Ireland saw slower improvements during this period as compared to other EU-15 countries. However, post-2000, a sharp reduction in Irish ASMRs resulted in an accelerated convergence to the EU-15 average. As a consequence of improvements in ASMRs between 2000 and 2014, there were an estimated 15 300 fewer deaths in 2014. The majority of these averted deaths were due to lower mortality rates for diseases of the circulatory system and respiratory system. Conclusions Rather than converging to the EU-15 average during the latter half of the 20th century, there was a divergence in ASMRs between Ireland and the EU-15. However, in recent years, Ireland experienced accelerated improvements in mortality rates with large reductions in mortality observed for diseases of the circulatory system and respiratory system, especially amongst older people.

scholarly journals Phenomenological and Thermodynamic Model of Gas Exchanges in the Placenta during Pregnancy: A Case Study of Intoxication of Carbon Monoxide

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Rangel Cenzi ◽  
Cyro Albuquerque ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Different Gases

The present work simulates the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide between a fetus’s circulatory system and the mother’s. The organ responsible for this exchange is the placenta. Carbon monoxide is a common air pollutant, and it impacts the physiological conditions even in low concentration. The impacts of carbon monoxide are especially dangerous for pregnant women, fetuses, and newborn babies. A model of carbon monoxide transport, from the literature, is modified to simulate a pregnant woman (original model was a male), therefore changing some parameters to express the adjusted respiratory system. It was considered the gas exchange in the placenta, to evaluate the concentration of these different gases in the fetus arterial and venous blood. Three methods of the exergy analysis are implemented for both mother and fetus respiratory systems, aiming at the comparison with the respiratory system of a male adult. The destroyed exergy of the literature did not have the same trend as the models proposed in this article, taking into consideration the hemoglobin reactions. In contrast, the entropy generation associated only with the diffusion transport phenomena was one order of magnitude lower than the other methods. The placenta destroyed exergy rate is significantly higher compared to the irreversibilities of the mother’s respiratory system. One possible explanation is the fact that the placenta has other physiological functions than gas transportation.

scholarly journals Features of primary morbidity of military personnel who serve in conditions of occupational hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
S G Grigoryev ◽  
G G Zagorodnikov ◽  
V A Sanzharevsky ◽  
P P Sivashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Circulatory System Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The comparative analysis of primary morbidity of officers involved in work with occupational hazards of chemical or radiation nature in 2007-2014 has been performed. It was established that the group of officers involved in work with organophosphorus compounds has significantly higher rate of respiratory system diseases and lower rate of primary morbidity of the circulatory system diseases than the officers involved in work with ionized radiation sources. It was demonstrated that the main contribution to the primary morbidity was made by the following classes: diseases of respiratory system, diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, diseases of digestive system and diseases of circulatory system. The primary morbidity for leading categories of diseases among military personnel who worked with organophosphorus compounds in two regimes (immediate activities to destroy organophosphorus compounds and support for this process (guard, medical and fire services) did not depend on the nature of work. The rate of respiratory system diseases was relatively higher among all Russian Federation Armed forces servicemen and among those who worked with highly toxic substances (mainly due to acute infections of the upper respiratory tract). For the other classes considered the primary morbidity was higher in the risk groups. Evaluation of the role of specific nosological forms showed that in a group of servicemen working with organophosphorus compounds the rates of acute infections of the upper respiratory tract of multiple and unspecified localization, other nasal and nasal sinuses diseases, dorsalgia predominated but was inferior to the incidence of chronic ischemic heart disease. In this connection it is necessary to elaborate and conduct the preventive measures against above mentioned categories of diseases and main nosological forms of these categories.

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