The Modern State and the Society of Hyper-Order to 1939

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-54
Author(s):  
T. K. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
State Power ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Dominant State ◽  
Hyper Order ◽  
Second World

For the past 200 years the defining feature of most domestic contests between Western governments and armed opponents has tended to be their lopsided asymmetry. Since the later nineteenth century a recurrent phenomenon of Western societies have been hopeless micro-insurrections mounted against stable societies: the armed utopianism of the violently delusional. Time and again, it is only society’s dreamers and deranged who have dared to mount any kind of sustained violent challenge to the state. This chapter traces the emergence of such dominant state power from the late eighteenth century up until the eve of the Second World War.

‘Other Diplomacies’ and World Order: Historical Insights from Canadian–Asian Relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Young ◽  
Susan J. Henders
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
World Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Second World

This article examines the diplomatic practices of non-state actors in the history of Canadian–Eastern Asian relations in order to theorize and show empirically how diplomacies make and can transform world orders. Analysing examples of trans-Pacific missionary, commercial and labour interactions from the late eighteenth century to the Second World War, the article points to how the diplomatic practices of non-state actors, often in everyday circumstances, enacted Canadian–Asian relations. They, in turn, constituted and challenged the hierarchical social relations of the European imperial world order that was linked with race, class, gender, civilization and culture — hierarchies that conditioned patterns of thought and action, in that order. The analysis uses and further develops the concept of ‘other diplomacies’, as introduced by Beier and Wylie, to highlight the centrality to world orders of practices that have a diplomatic character, even when the actors involved do not represent states.

scholarly journals Berlin Furniture Drawings by Carl Wilhelm Marckwort (1798-1875)

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Achim Stiegel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
High Level ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

The Rijksmuseum recently acquired eight furniture designs, drawn by the cabinet-maker from Braunschweig, Carl Wilhelm Marckwort (1798-1875), while working as a journeyman in Berlin, in the years 1820-23. Apart from another group by Marckwort, no similar drawings made in Berlin during the first half of the nineteenth century survive, although they must once have been common. They were not regarded as works of art, and those that may have been retained in Berlin were lost during the Second World War. Marckwort took his drawings with him when he returned to Braunschweig in 1824, where they have until recently been kept by a succession of local cabinet-makers. Marckwort’s drawings present much information on current Berlin furniture types, and they document the high level of draughtsmanship attained by a talented craftsman working there. In Berlin, as in Vienna and indeed also in Braunschweig, much attention was given from the late eighteenth century onwards to providing drawing lessons for apprentices and journeymen. This was seen as an important step in an effort to improve the quality of manufactured goods. Marckwort’s manner of drawing, linear rather than free, exemplifies the workings of the new educational system. Sadly, no documentation concerning his training has been found.

The Modern State and the Society of Hyper-Order from 1939

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-91
Author(s):  
T. K. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Hyper Order ◽  
Brave New World ◽  
Second World

This chapter serves as a companion to its predecessor. It surveys the temporary dislocation of state power across much of Europe during the Second World War: before turning to its reinforcement and enhancement in the decades that followed. It examines the unfolding consequences of the 1968 crisis of legitimacy across Western societies: before noting the apparently unassailable position of the Western State against all violent challengers in the post-Cold War Brave New World of the early 1990s. Finally, it introduces the strikingly open-ended juncture of the early twenty-first century, setting up a more in-depth discussion in Chapter Three.

scholarly journals The Westphalian model and sovereign equality

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER M. R. STIRK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign Equality ◽  
Normative Principle ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Second World

AbstractAlthough the Westphalian model takes many forms the association of Westphalian and sovereign equality is a prominent one. This article argues firstly that sovereign equality was not present as a normative principle at Westphalia. It argues further that while arguments for sovereign equality were present in the eighteenth century they did not rely on, or even suggest, a Westphalian provenance. It was, for good reasons, not until the late nineteenth century that the linkages of Westphalia and sovereign equality became commonplace, and even then sovereign equality and its linkage with Westphalia were disputed. It was not until after the Second World War, notably through the influential work of Leo Gross that the linkage of Westphalia and sovereign equality became not only widely accepted, but almost undisputed until quite recently. The article concludes by suggesting that not only did Gross bequeath a dubious historiography but that this historiography is an impediment to contemporary International Relations.

Żydzi

1999 ◽  
pp. 339-340
Author(s):  
Jerzy Tomaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter considers a series of books, A to Polska właśnie (This is Indeed Poland). These books introduce their readers to various issues of interest to anyone studying Polish society. The chapter focuses on the volume Żydzi (The Jews), in particular, as it is the first to discuss an important group among Poland's population. The volume covers the period up to the second half of the eighteenth century, political and social problems from the second half of the eighteenth century until the end of the nineteenth, Jewish culture and religion in the nineteenth century, the period from the First World War until 1939, the Holocaust, and Jews in Poland after the Second World War. The chapter contends that this book should be regarded not as just one more study about Polish Jews, but as making a singular contribution to the promotion of knowledge about Jewish traditions, culture, and history in Poland.

14. War and world politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarak Barkawi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines how war fits into the study of international relations and the ways it affects world politics. It begins with an analysis of the work of the leading philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz, to highlight the essential nature of war, the main types of war, and the idea of strategy. It then considers some important developments in the history of warfare, both in the West and elsewhere, with particular emphasis on interrelationships between the modern state, armed force, and war in the West and in the global South. Two case studies are presented, one focusing on war and Eurocentrism during the Second World War, and the other on the impact of war on society by looking at France, Vietnam, and the United States. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy creates peace among states.

The State and the Jews: Reflections on Difficult Freedom

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Annette Aronowicz
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Second World ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis essay examines the contrast between two conceptions of the universal, one represented by the modern State and the other by the Jewish people. In order to do so, it returns to the collection of essays on Judaism Levinas wrote in the approximately two decades after the Second World War, Difficult Freedom. Its aim is to focus specifically on the political dimension within this collection and then to step back and reflect on how his way of speaking of the political appears to us a full generation later. As is well known, Levinas's approach to the political has a way of escaping that realm, while nonetheless remaining relevant to it. This is what we shall try to capture and to evaluate.

Some Social Concomitants of Industrialization and Urbanization

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
World War ◽  
Material Benefits ◽  
Second World ◽  
Mode Of Production

The transformation of society by industrialization and urbanization is currently of great concern to men of affairs and to men of science. Since the second World War the rate of industrialization has increased as people in previously isolated or tradition-bound societies have entered the main stream of world history to demand the material benefits of modern technology. They often seek those material benefits while hoping to retain their traditional cultures, yet, since England pointed the way in the eighteenth century, experience indicates that their hopes are utopian, for a radical change in the mode of production has profound repercussions on the rest of culture. This generalization is as sure as any in all of social science, but it is so abstract as to offer little guide to one who wants to know what the specific consequences of industrialization are likely to be. Some recent research helps us to do better.

The Christian Democracy of A. D. Lindsay

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Theory ◽  
State Power ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Voluntary Association ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Democracy ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Second World

Much of value in the conception of a democratic state, evident in the work of several English and American scholars writing around the time of the Second World War, but most forcefully presented by A. D. Lindsay, has been overlooked by contemporary scholarship. Lindsay combined a ‘realist’ acceptance of state power with a finely-tuned appreciation of the possibilities of citizenship. His distinctive contributions to democratic theory, focusing on discussion, state power, the sovereignty of the constitution, voluntary association and the creativity of democracy, are well worth re-examination, even if in the end for Lindsay political activism was merely a necessary adjunct to religious faith.

Jacques Réda's ‘Le Noir et l'or de Dresde’: Ethics and Aesthetics in War's Wake

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Lynn Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
German Reunification ◽  
World War ◽  
Xviiie Siècle ◽  
Poetic Prose ◽  
Xviiie Siecle ◽  
Second World

In ‘Le Noir et l'or de Dresde’ ( Europes, 2005), Jacques Réda's quixotic project is to excavate a Dresden that is no more. Fully aware of this paradoxical aim as he walks through its martyred cityscape ‘vers la Dresde du XVIIIe siècle en sachant qu'elle n'existait plus’, he reflects on images present and past: sun-drenched spires remembered from eighteenth-century paintings that stand as witness to what no longer exists, the brutal bombings by American and British forces during the Second World War, and the commercialized aftermath of German reunification. As Réda moves beyond assessing tragedy through a historical lens, his poetic prose commemorates trauma by accentuating chromatic, lexical and aural textures and intensities in order to open avenues towards shared subjectivity. He establishes an ethical and aesthetic trajectory that responds creatively to war's destruction, and concludes by reframing the city's heraldic colours, black and gold, within sunset's unifying transit across a poetically reconstructed skyline

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