Intellectual Property Justification for Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-72
Author(s):  
Reto M Hilty ◽  
Jörg Hoffmann ◽  
Stefan Scheuerer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
Current State ◽  
Economic Reasoning ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Against the backdrop of the current discussion of how AI reshapes certain IP paradigms, this chapter reassesses the need for IP protection in AI markets per se. We assess the question of justification of IP rights for both AI as a tool and AI-generated output in light of the very theoretical foundations of IP protection (from both legal embedded deontological and utilitarian economic standpoints). Traditionally, IP protection is granted due to deontological reasoning, according to which a human creator’s personality and efforts have to be protected, and economic reasoning, according to which exclusive rights in intangible goods have to be established in order to remedy market failure in public goods markets. IP ought to serve as a regulatory system of stimulation of creation and innovation using market forces to achieve this goal. Based on the current state of knowledge, however, it seems that specific market implications of the widespread use of most AI applications may have altered the justification for AI-related IP protection in certain cases. Whereas this seems particularly true regarding AI tools, the case for AI outputs may be different.

scholarly journals Current state of the institute of administrative liability in the field of urban planning

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Olha Garan ◽  
Valeriі Stukalenko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Current State ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Introdaction. The article uncovers the state of the institute of administrative liability in the field of urban planning considering current situation. The attention is focused on the main directions of transformation of development of administrative liability, the problems are described and the ways of their solution are proposed. In connection with the implementation of various reforms, the existing urban construction relationships has radically changed and the new ones has emerged in the society, which are characterized by a tendency of growth. Therefore, considering new conditions and requirements, these relations require the introduction of new effective administrative and legal regulation. One of the important tools of this regulation is administrative liability in the field of urban planning, which helps to ensure compliance with the norms provided by law, state standards, construction codes, and rules. The perspective directions of the evolution of the institute of administrative liability are the improvement of the system of administrative penalties by expanding their number and size and improving the system of subjects of responsibility. Purpose and tasks. The purpose of the work is to determine the current state of scientific understanding of administrative liability in the field of urban planning on the basis of the analysis of theoretical foundations, regulatory system and practice, as well as to focus on the actual issues of its application in practice. Results. It is proven that the institute of administrative liability in the field of urban planning undergoes transformation, but the scientific understanding of this process is not at the proper level. Conclusions. In general, the institution of administrative liability in the field of urban planning requires substantial modernization, but not at the expense of making changes and additions to the current legislation, but on the basis of the creation of a new doctrine of understanding of administrative liability combined with the application of a systematic approach.  All of the above will provide an opportunity for the creation of effective mechanisms for applying the institute of administrative liability in practice.

scholarly journals How Small Cannabis Businesses Can Survive the Hurdles of IP Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-223
Author(s):  
Spencer Keller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Mover

The current state of cannabis and intellectual property laws and regulations leaves small and emerging cannabis businesses at a distinct disadvantage compared to those in other industries. Those wishing to pursue cannabis inventions and patents face an uphill battle as cannabis research and development is nearly impossible to conduct legally. The difficulty in researching cannabis has pushed companies to move their research outside of the United States, leaving those growing businesses unable to corner their market in the cannabis industry. Complicating matters further are the overly broad patents that cannabis patentees are likely receiving as a result of market participants leaving innovations undocumented due to fear of being prosecuted for their involvement in the industry. Although the cannabis-patenting field is cloudy, businesses can utilize alternative strategies such as state and ancillary trademarks, trade secrets, and first-mover advantages to protect their information and grow their brands.

CONTENT OF TEACHING THE ELEMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN A SCHOOL INFORMATICS COURSE

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
I. V. Levchenko
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
General Education ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Form Variant ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article considers the feasibility of integrating artificial intelligence technologies into school education and identifies a problem in identifying didactic elements in the field of artificial intelligence, which must be mastered in a school informatics course. The purpose of the article is to propose variant of the content of teaching the elements of artificial intelligence for the general education of schoolchildren as part of the curricular and extracurricular activities in informatics. An analysis of the psychological, pedagogical and scientific-methodical literature in the field of artificial intelligence made it possible to identify the appropriateness of teaching schoolchildren the elements of artificial intelligence in the framework of a comprehensive informatics course, as the theoretical foundations of modern information technologies. Summarizing and systematizing the learning experience of schoolchildren in the field of artificial intelligence made it possible to form variant of the content of teaching the elements of artificial intelligence, which can be implemented in a compulsory informatics course for 9th grade, as well as in elective classes. The results of the study are the theoretical basis for the further development of the components of the methodological system of teaching the elements of artificial intelligence in a school informatics course. The research materials may be useful to specialists in the field of teaching informatics and to informatics teachers.

Grosser Wert und wenig Geld? Über die Honorierung von Waldleistungen | Highly Valuable But Hardly Remunerative? On Compensating Forest Benefits

1999 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Kissling-Näf
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Financial Compensation

Forests provide people with a variety of services and products (protection against avalanches, walking trails, etc.). Most forest services and products are not provided by markets and the extent of their availability is often guaranteed by public funding. In this context, the question arises whether the high benefits derived from forests could not be converted into cash more easily. Looking at various explanations for the market failure (externalities, public goods, property rights) possible marketing strategies for forest products and services and how they could optimize social welfare are investigated. Although general compensation criteria are not available, economic concepts (type of externality, scarcity, etc.) provide a first clue as to the necessity of compensation. However, mention must be made that compensation is always the result of a social agreement, and financial compensation as well as property rights are subject to social change. From a political and an economic perspective the payment of compensation for forest benefits is limited.

Trips and Later Inter-Se Agreements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Ip Protection

This chapter focusses on how ‘Free Trade Agreements’ (FTAs) fit within the existing multilateral framework, primarily with the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which most FTAs take as basis and benchmark from which the contracting parties modify rules among another (inter-se). In this context, the most prominent issue is the effect the continuous strengthening of the standards of intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement has on the optional provisions and flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement. The chapter examines whether and how the TRIPS addresses such further increases in protection and enforcement. It also looks at conflict clauses in FTAs and how they perceive their relation with the multilateral IP rules, especially the TRIPS Agreement. The principal question here is whether rule-relations within the international IP system are still primarily determined by harmonious interpretation — or if conflict resolution rather functions by choosing one rule over another.

Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 624-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagla Rizk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

This chapter looks at the challenges, opportunities, and tensions facing the equitable development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the MENA region in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. While diverse in their natural and human resource endowments, countries of the region share a commonality in the predominance of a youthful population amid complex political and economic contexts. Rampant unemployment—especially among a growing young population—together with informality, gender, and digital inequalities, will likely shape the impact of AI technologies, especially in the region’s labor-abundant resource-poor countries. The chapter then analyzes issues related to data, legislative environment, infrastructure, and human resources as key inputs to AI technologies which in their current state may exacerbate existing inequalities. Ultimately, the promise for AI technologies for inclusion and helping mitigate inequalities lies in harnessing grounds-up youth entrepreneurship and innovation initiatives driven by data and AI, with a few hopeful signs coming from national policies.

scholarly journals A Survey of Encoding Techniques for Signal Processing in Spiking Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Auge ◽  
Julian Hille ◽  
Etienne Mueller ◽  
Alois Knoll
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Spiking Neural Networks ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Signal Encoding ◽  
Uniform Nomenclature ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Do So

AbstractBiologically inspired spiking neural networks are increasingly popular in the field of artificial intelligence due to their ability to solve complex problems while being power efficient. They do so by leveraging the timing of discrete spikes as main information carrier. Though, industrial applications are still lacking, partially because the question of how to encode incoming data into discrete spike events cannot be uniformly answered. In this paper, we summarise the signal encoding schemes presented in the literature and propose a uniform nomenclature to prevent the vague usage of ambiguous definitions. Therefore we survey both, the theoretical foundations as well as applications of the encoding schemes. This work provides a foundation in spiking signal encoding and gives an overview over different application-oriented implementations which utilise the schemes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document