Where Our Energy Comes From

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Fox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
James Watt

Energy and human history go hand in hand. For most of the time that humans have been on earth, energy was used at a very low level, mostly by burning wood for cooking and warmth. This is still the case for large areas of the planet, especially in much of Africa and parts of Asia and South America. As human populations grew, forests were decimated to obtain fuel, resulting in the collapse of several societies (1). Coal was discovered in England in the thirteenth century and began to be used extensively beginning in the 1500s. Between 1570 and 1603, during the reign of Elizabeth I, coal became the main source of fuel for England (2). This was, not coincidentally, also during the time of the Little Ice Age, when there was a great need for fuel to keep warm. Coal transformed England, for better and for worse. The development of the coal-based steam engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, with further critical developments by James Watt and Matthew Boulton, led to the Industrial Revolution beginning in about 1780. Coal built England into the world’s most powerful country during the nineteenth century. At the same time, it brought about unbelievable pollution, which drastically shortened lives, and it led to child slave labor in factories and mines. Coal had been discovered even earlier in China and was being used for iron production in the eleventh century (2). Coal was discovered in Appalachia in the United States in the mid-eighteenth century and quickly became its most abundant source of energy. This led to the industrial development of the United States, the building of canals to transport coal, and the construction of railroads to connect the far reaches of the country. Wherever large sources of coal were found, societies were transformed. Coal was fine for running steam engines and cooking or keeping warm, but what people wanted desperately was a better source of light for their homes and businesses.

scholarly journals The Industry and Public Finance of the USA and Europe in the XXI Century — the Decline Anatomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Chernov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
The Usa

The subject of the researchis the dynamics of industrial development in the USA and Europe over the past 15 years.The purpose of the paperwas critical examination of the widely accepted practice of studying the economy in terms of cost indicators. The paper analyzes primarily natural indicators that point to a deep industrial crisis in the United States and European countries who are losing their leadership in such innovative areas as electronics, semiconductor devices, robotics, renewable energy for reasons of a long-term gap in innovation and the chosen economic model. Until the beginning of the XX century, the USA and Europe developed on the principles of a free market economy formulated by Adam Smith that led to the industrial revolution in England while the USA went a century-long way to turn from an agrarian country into an industrial world leader. Other countries followed suit with varying degrees of success. After the global crisis of 1929 and the expansion of state participation in the economy, Marx–Keynes’s model, replaced Adam Smith’s market model. But since the 1970s, growth rates have declined sharply provoking deindustrialization; production facilities have been moving to third world countries; budget deficits and public debt have been increasing along with the accelerating unemployment, inflation and the influx of migrants. Any attempts to reduce social expenditures trigger powerful protests of the population and the loss of votes. The United States and Europe have fallen into a social trap from which so far no one sees a way out. As a result,it is concludedthat in 15 years, assuming the current trends continue, the United States and Europe will turn into ordinary regions of the global economy.The relevance of this study, compared with other publications on this subject, stems from the fact that the true situation in the country’s economy is determined according to the valuation of the country’s industrial output rather than based on the analysis of the GDP per capita.

Christian Colonialism and Capitalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-208
Author(s):  
Kathleen Wellman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Religious Revivals

The nineteenth century tells the story of Christian success in England and America. Victorian England set a model of patriarchal family virtue rooted in “biblical Christianity.” God rewarded it with industrial development and capitalist expansion in its colonial ventures. The Industrial Revolution advances these curricula’s crucial economic argument: economic success reveals God’s favor. England’s virtues also allowed it to avoid the political tumult that beset the European continent. England and the United States enjoyed religious revivals, and missionaries spread Christianity throughout the world. Colonialism opened the world to missionary evangelization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The capitalist success of the United States reveals it as the beneficiary of Divine Providence. Nineteenth-century evangelicals not only asserted these claims but also saw Christian hegemony as a realistic aspiration.

DR. RICHARD MEAD AND HIS REMEDY FOR THE BITE OF A MAD DOG

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Cold Bath

Perhaps the best known English physician of the first half of the eighteenth century was Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754). His regimen for the treatment of a patient bitten by a mad dog was widely used, not only in England but also in the United States. Dr. Mead's name was so revered that few physicians dared to question the efficacy of his regimen until Dr. James Mease (1771-1846) of Philadelphia who in 1792 wrote that Mead's management of rabid dog bites, cited below, was "totally useless."1 Take Ash coloured Ground Liverwort four drachms, Black Pepper two drachms, mix them together into a fine powder: This is to be divided into four doses, whereof one is to be taken in warm milk in a morning fasting, for four mornings successively; after this the person must be put into a cold bath, pond, or river, for thirty days together, early in the morning, and before breakfast: he is to remain in it with his head above water not longer than half a minute. The wound should be continually fomented with a pickle made with Vinegar and Salt, as warm as it can be borne.2

Two Models of Public Opinion: Bacon's ‘New Logic’ and Diotima's ‘Tale of Love’ (The Prothero Lecture)

1974 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Beer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Done

It is appropriate that an American should address himself to the subject of public opinion. For, in terms of quantity, Americans have made the subject peculiarly their own. They have also invested it with characteristically American concerns. Most of the work done on the subject in the United States is oriented by a certain theoretical approach. This approach is democratic and rationalist. Both aspects create problems. In this paper I wish to play down the democratic problem, viz., how many of the voters are capable of thinking sensibly about public policy, and emphasize rather the difficulties that arise from modern rationalism. Here I take a different tack from most historians of the concept of public opinion, who, taking note of the origin of the term in the mid-eighteenth century, stress its connection with the rise of representative government and democratic theory.

The Origins of Western Dermatology

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
J. Barrie Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

Objective: On the premise that historical background makes the present more understandable, this review covers the origins of Western dermatology from its Greek and Roman origins through the Middle Ages to the defining moments in the late eighteenth century. Background and Conclusion: The development of major European centers at this time became the background for future centers in the eastern United States in the midnineteenth century and, finally, to the West Coast of the United States and Canada by the midtwentieth century.

The Pioneer in American Life Insurance Marketing

1938 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
J. Owen Stalson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
General Public ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Fire Insurance

Colonial America gave little thought to life insurance selling. The colonists secured protection against marine risks from private underwriters, first in London, eventually at home. It has been asserted that Philadelphia had no fire insurance until 1752; Boston none before 1795. The first corporations formed in this country for insuring lives were those of the Presbyterian Ministers Fund (1759) and a similar company organized for the benefit of Episcopal ministers (1769). Neither of these corporations offered insurance to the general public. In the last decade of the eighteenth century many insurance companies were formed in the United States. At least five were chartered to underwrite life risks, but only one, The Insurance Company of North America, appears to have accepted any. There is no basis for saying that any of these early companies tried to sell life insurance.

scholarly journals Decreasing Human Body Temperature in the United States Since the Industrial Revolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myroslava Protsiv ◽  
Catherine Ley ◽  
Joanna Lankester ◽  
Trevor Hastie ◽  
Julie Parsonnet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Body Temperature

scholarly journals The Gilded Interior: French Style and American Renaissance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Laura C. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gilded Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
American Renaissance ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Architectural Tradition

ABSTRACT In the decades around the turn of the twentieth century, New York was seized by a passion for things French in interior decoration. The influx of French eighteenth-century decorative arts from London and Paris exerted a powerful influence over the imaginations of a new millionaire class, while the emergence of the professional dealer-decorator established channels for the incorporation of these materials into the luxury residence. While these interiors were developed in collaboration with leading US architects such as Richard Morris Hunt and George B. Post, they also posed a subtle challenge to the discourse of intellectualism developed on architects’ behalf. Governed by issues of taste and commerce as well as by artistic judgement, these French interiors presented a compelling vision of aristocratic stature that was at once in keeping, and in conflict, with the aspirations of an American Renaissance. This article considers the role of eighteenth-century French-style interiors in the articulation of a ‘civilised’ architectural tradition in the United States during the so-called Gilded Age. Focusing on the private mansion, it reconsiders the notion of the American Renaissance as a principally academic movement by calling attention to the ways in which it also responded to the requirements of the elite class as well as the commercial marketplace.

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