Sybil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Disraeli
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

Sybil, or The Two Nations is one of the finest novels to depict the social problems of class-ridden Victorian England. The book's publication in 1845 created a sensation, for its immediacy and readability brought the plight of the working classes sharply to the attention of the reading public. The ‘two nations’ of the alternative title are the rich and poor, so disparate in their opportunities and living conditions, and so hostile to each other. that they seem almost to belong to different countries. The gulf between them is given a poignant focus by the central romantic plot concerning the love of Charles Egremont, a member of the landlord class, for Sybil, the poor daughter of a militant Chartist leader.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

Inequality, Collective Action, and Democratization

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Epic redistributive struggles between the rich and poor lie at the heart of prominent theories of economic development and the emergence of democracy (e.g., Boix 2003; Acemoglu and Robinson 2006). The poor pursue democracy to secure credible redistribution away from wealthy elites; elites, fearing redistribution, but also the costs of revolution, decide whether to repress these efforts or to surrender to them. These theories, and the historical examples of working classes exacting redistributive or political concessions from elites, have been interpreted as suggesting that inequality and redistributive struggles should be central features of development and democratization. Where inequality is high, democracy should be unlikely to emerge, or to emerge and be unstable. Because elites in unequal societies are unwilling to adopt institutions that encourage growth and investment (such as institutions that protect non-elites from predation by elites), incomes should be lower as well.

Class, Crime, and Cannibalism in The String of Pearls; or, The Demon Barber as Bourgeois Bogeyman

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
Leah Richards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Cultural Resonance ◽  
String Of Pearls

Although the tale of Sweeney Todd is one with significant cultural resonance, little has been written about the text itself, The String of Pearls. This article argues that the text engages with anxieties about class conflict through a narrative that enacts exaggerated versions of various interactions. In the nineteenth century, critics objected to the cheap fiction pejoratively known as penny dreadfuls, asserting that the genre’s exciting tales of bloodshed, villainy, and mayhem would seduce readers to lives of debauchery and crime, but I argue that this concern about cheap fiction was not for the preservation of the souls of the poor and working classes but rather for the preservation of the middle classes' own corporeal bodies and the system that privileged and protected them. While there is no question that the narrative enacts extreme manifestations of problems facing the urban poor—among them, contaminated or even poisonous foodstuffs and the perils of urban anonymity—it also features an intractable and rapacious lower class and a subversion of the master-servant dynamic on which the comforts of the middle class were constructed, and so, in addition to adventure, detection, and young love, The String of Pearls offers a dark revenge fantasy of class-based violence that the middle-class critics of the penny dreadful were perhaps justified in fearing. tl;dr: Eat the Rich!

scholarly journals The rich, the poor, and the law

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter H. Reinstorf
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
First Century ◽  
Good Society ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich

This article explores the social and religious dynamics of parables of Jesus in which “rich” and “poor” are juxtaposed. It focuses on Luke 16:19-31 (the parable of the rich man and the poor beggar Lazarus) and on Luke 18:9-14 (the parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector). The core of the exploration relates to questions concerning “wealth” and “poverty” in a limited-good society such as first-century Palestine. The article aims to expose the legitimisation provided by the Israelite elite to ensure the collection of taxes placed on the peasant population by the Roman Empire.

scholarly journals The ‘Deserving’ Rich? Inequality, Morality and Social Policy

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN ROWLINGSON ◽  
STUART CONNOR
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

AbstractThere is a long tradition in social policy of discussing and critiquing the notion of ‘deservingness’ in relation to ‘the poor’. This paper will apply such debates to ‘the rich’ to consider the grounds on which this group might be considered ‘deserving’. The paper identifies three sets of arguments. The first set of arguments concerns the appropriateness of rewarding merit/hard work/effort/risk-taking etc. The second concerns more consequentialist/economic arguments about providing incentives for wealth creation. And the third considers the character and behaviour of the rich. As well as discussing the potential criteria for deservingness, the paper will also debate whether the degree of income and wealth gained by the rich is deserved. Finally, the paper will discuss the social policy implications, including taxation policies, which emerge from this debate.

Performative Morality: Godey's Match Plates, Nineteenth-Century Stage Practice, and Social/Political/Economic Commentary in America's Popular Ladies’ Magazine

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-637
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA LEE PATTERSON
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tableaux Vivants ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Mystery Novels ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The City

Recirculating the assertion of magazine historian Frank Luther Mott, subsequent generations of scholars maintained that Godey's Lady's Magazine eschewed content treating the social, political, and economic issues of the day. This article challenges that nearly universal reading of Godey's by arguing for the importance of a close reading of the “match plates” commissioned by Godey for his magazine. Appearing between 1840 and 1860, these plates, many engraved from pendant paintings created expressly for Godey, draw on the popularity of stage melodrama, dramatic tableau, and tableaux vivants to enact a performative morality addressing major social, economic, and political issues. Early match plates contrast virtue and vice, capitalizing on the enormous popularity of William Hogarth's engraving series Industry and Idleness. Match plates appear also in the popular fashion plates of the magazine – echoing the city mystery novels, plays, and prints first popularized by Eugene Sue – in Christmas for the Rich/Christmas for the Poor and Dress the Maker/Dress the Wearer. By 1860, even the magazine's “useful” contents, such as the pattern work prized by Godey's readers, echo the popularity of match plates: hence Fruit for Working/Flowers for Working. Closer attention to Godey's engravings calls for a reassessment of Mott's assertion.

The Present State of some Resource and Social Problems Concerning China’s Sustainable Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1623-1626
Author(s):  
Yong Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Present State ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Sustainable development is an inevitable choice for China. However, some existing problems in China restrict the sustainable economic and social development. This article uses large amounts of data as evidence to demonstrate the present state of the problems of great public interest, such as shortage of resources, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, employment and medical problems, with the goal of deepening people's understanding and promoting resolution of these problems.

The Slum Question: The London County Council and Decent Dwellings for the Working Classes, 1880–1914

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
R. Vladimir Steffel
Keyword(s):  
County Council ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Settlement Movement ◽  
East End ◽  
Jewish Immigrants ◽  
Rural England

The middle classes, seduced by the gospels of growth and of laissezfaire, abandoned the older areas of London to the artisans and laborers, to the thousands of migrants from rural England, Scotland, and Ireland, and to Jewish immigrants from Russia. By 1880 the middle classes in the suburbs were isolated from the working classes and ignorant of their poverty. Then “The Bitter Cry of Outcast London” by Andrew Mearns, the Pall Mall Gazette edited by W. T. Stead, and the writings of others exposing the squalor of the laboring classes led to a rediscovery of poverty. Many observers thought that charity would solve the problem, ome went slumming or joined the settlement movement begun at Toynbee Hall. Others, like Octavia Hill, were determined to improve the lives of the poor through the proper management and gradual upgrading of their living quarters. The philanthropic and semi-philanthropic dwellings companies such as the Peabody Trust, Guinness Trust, Improved Industrial Dwellings. East End Dwellings, and Four Percent Industrial Dwellings constructed new housing suitable for the working classes. All these efforts were limited because of the attitudes of the affluent classes toward the poor. Many believed that improvidence, intemperance, and licentiousness caused poverty and failed to realize that crowded living conditions and underemployment encouraged these vices. Beatrice Webb, who recognized this problem, wrote in her diary: “The Drink demon…undermines the constitution of a family.…There are times when one loses all faith in laisser faire [and] would suppress this poison at all hazards, before it eats the life of the nation.”

scholarly journals ΦΙΛΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΑ, ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΕΡΓΑΤΙΚΑ ΑΤΥΧΗΜΑΤΑ ΣΤΟΝ ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑ ΤΟ ΤΕΛΕΥΤΑΙΟ ΤΡΙΤΟ ΤΟΥ 19ου ΑΙΩΝΑ

Μνήμων ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
ΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ ΚΟΚΚΙΝΑΚΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Class Consciousness ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The City

<p>John Kokkinakis, Philanthropy, technical education and labour accidentsin Piraeus in the last third of nineteenth century</p><p>Concern for the relief of poverty, the support and education of orphansand the living conditions of the working classes was in nineteenth centuryGreece a response to complex social phenomena: urbanization and industrialization,the emergence of new types of poverty and unemployment,the forging of class consciousness in the middle and upper socialclasses.This article reviews the formation and activities of the orphanageof E. Zani in Piraeus and the emergence of specialized technical institutionsin this industrial and commercial port. Documents from charitableactivities of the city magistrates enable us to draw useful informationsregarding the urban poor and unemployed population. The economicand social problems related with labour discipline in general and childlabour in particular may explain the importance of the ideological andcompulsory factors mobilized for ensuring social and industrial peace.In this respect, it was crucial to undertake a new approach towardpoverty, work, and leisure and new educational practices embodyingsuch values as discipline, thrift, diligence and respect.</p>

scholarly journals The Social Implications of Metaphor in Bong Joon-ho’s Parasite

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-116
Author(s):  
Alireza Farahbakhsh ◽  
Ramtin Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Capitalistic Society

The purpose of the present article is to study the social implications of repetitive metaphors in the film and of the word Parasite (2019) and to observe what makes the life of a lower-class family parasitic within a typical capitalistic society. In the mainstream discussion, the metaphorical functions of such words as ‘smell,’ ‘insects,’ ‘the rock,’ and ‘the party’ are assessed within the context of the film. The central questions of the article, therefore, are: What are the recurrent and metaphorical motifs in the plotline and how can their implications be related to the overall theme of the film? How does Parasite exhibit the clash of classes in a capitalist society? To answer the questions, the present study offers a comprehensive analysis of its recurring metaphors as well as its treatment of the characters who visibly belong to two completely different classes. Through a complex story of two families whose fate gets intermingled, Bong Joon-ho masterfully presents a metaphoric picture of a society where inequality is rampant and the poor can only experience temporary happiness in the shadow of the rich (represented by the Park family).

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