Language, Subjectivity, Culture, Comprehensiveness, and Structure

2017 ◽  
pp. 374-388
Author(s):  
Gerard Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Classification ◽  
Subjective States

We know that (besides dispositions) situations affect behavior. To understand the situational contributions to prediction, we need frameworks for cataloging the different types of situations. To this end, useful situation-classifications have emerged recently. This chapter considers several puzzles in arriving at an optimal classification of situations. Can we learn something from how language is used? Should subjective states count as a kind of situation? Is culture a situation? What else should we consider in endeavoring to make the situation-classification comprehensive? At the other extreme of parsimony, to what minimal underlying structure can situations be reduced? How might the respective structures of situations and personality be related? It is concluded that each personality dimension may have particularly diagnostic situations integral to the relevant trait variation. And there are empirical indications for two situation-dimensions apparently closely allied with two dimensions in affect and motivation.

scholarly journals Rhetorical questions as aggressive, friendly or sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers

ExELL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Džemal Špago
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

AbstractRhetorical questions (RQs), as a cross-breed of questions and statements, represent an effective tool in putting forward the Speaker’s ideas, as well as influencing the ideas and opinions of other people. Because of their communicative effectiveness and multifunctionality, they are frequently used in different contexts and for different purposes, and, as such, they represent an interesting topic for further research. The aim of this paper is threefold: (i) to explore the nature of the implied answer to RQs, (ii) to offer a classification of RQs based on the Speaker’s communication style, and (iii) to examine whether (or to what extent) the Speaker-Addressee relationship (peer-to-peer, superior-to-inferior, inferior-to-superior) influences the selection and frequency of use of different types of RQs. Using Stalnaker’s (2002) model of Common Ground and Caponigro and Sprouse’s (2007) concepts of Speaker’s and Addressee’s Beliefs, the author redefines the nature of the answers implied by RQs, claiming that they are imposed on the Addressee rather than mutually recognized as obvious. Based on the model of communication styles as defined by Yuan et al. (2018), RQs are classified into aggressive, friendly and sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers. The analysis of the corpus, which consisted of 275 RQs taken from ten American movie scripts, showed that friendly RQs are more common than the other two types, and that, in instances where one of the interlocutors is in a superior position, superior-to-inferior RQs are by far more common than vice versa. The finding that RQs asked by inferiors make up less than a third of RQs occurring between interlocutors with different social standing is in line with the view that answers to RQs are imposed on Addressees.

Portals Then and Now

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Tatnall ◽  
Stephen Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Different Types

This article investigates the evolution of two different types of Web portals, one in Bangladesh and the other in Australia. The initial data collection was conducted in the early 2000s and revisited in 2009. The idea of a Web portal is not new, but in the last few years the portal concept has gained considerably in importance as new types of portal are developed and new uses found for portal technology. The article begins with a brief classification of the types of portals in use today and then considers some of the advantages conferred on a business in using portal technology. Developed and developing countries have different problems in making use of e-commerce and see the advantages and problems of using portals rather differently. In the article the authors examine and compare case studies of a Horizontal B-B Industry Portal in Melbourne, Australia, and a Vertical Industry Portal in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

scholarly journals THE CULTIVATION OF TRICHOMONAS OF THE HUMAN MOUTH (TETRATRICHOMONAS HOMINIS)

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokuzo Ohira ◽  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Deep Groove ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference

Trichomonades from the mouth were studied by Steinberg who proposed to group them into three distinct types; namely, Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas caudata, and Trichomonas flagellata. Doflein (3) regards them as probably identical with Trichomonas hominis. Opinions differ as to whether or not Trichomonas vaginalis Donné and Trichomonas hominis Grassi are the same species. Lynch, for instance, believes that they are the same species, while von Prowazek (4), Bensen (5), and others (6, 7) insist that they are different types. Bensen's view seems to be well supported by the difference alleged to be found between the mode of encystment in the two trichomonades, were it not for the fact that our knowledge about the so called cyst of trichomonades is still obscure. According to Alexeieff (8) many of the so called cysts were evidently blastomyces contained in the cell body of the trichomonas. An autogamy alleged to take place in cysts as described by Bohne and von Prowazek (9) has not been confirmed by Dobell (10). And Wenyon (11) contends that it has never been found possible to produce any development of these cysts outside the body on the warm stage as can be done with the cysts of Entamœba coli. Therefore, it is still premature to take the process of encystment into consideration as far as the classification of trichomonas is concerned. On the other hand, Rodenwaldt (12) seems to think that there are many species of trichomonas in the human intestines, and Wenyon has described a new trichomonas from the human intestines (Macrostoma mesnili Wenyon). Further cultural studies in the morphology and biology of these organisms must be carried out in order to solve these problems. In the light of modern investigations there are five subgenera to be included under the genus Trichomonas Donné. They are as follows: (1) Protrichomonas Alexeieff, with three anterior flagella, without an undulating membrane. (2) Trichomastix Biitschli) with three anterior flagella and a trailing flagellum (Schleppgeissel) without an undulating membrane. (3) Trichomonas Donné, with three anterior flagella and an undulating membrane. (4) Macrostoma Alexeieff, Amend, Wenyon (11), with three anterior flagella and an undulating membrane wedged in a deep groove (peristome). (5) Tetratrichomonas Parisi (13), with four anterior flagella and an undulating membrane. As far as our culture trichomonas from the human mouth is concerned, it has been shown that it is not strictly a trichomonas and that it should be classed under the subgenus Tetratrichomonas.

scholarly journals Curriculum Development and Dermatology Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Jayadev Betkerur
Keyword(s):  
Faculty Development ◽  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Cosmetic Dermatology

Curriculum is an integral part of any educational cycle. Curriculum development is a systematic process involving designing, implementing , evaluating and redesigning. There are different types of curriculums being practiced by institutions. Subject based curriculum is a widely used but competency based curriculum is the best. There is an urgent need to have relook at the existing curriculum as it is beset with many problems. The  faculty development (FD) is one factor affecting curriculum development. We need to identify the other issues and address them. Presently Dermatology postgraduate training is more concentrated in imparting more knowledge based learning. Acquiring and assessing skills not included in the program.The curriculum is decades old and does not address the present needs. The classification of diseases can be modified. Evaluation methods have to be structured to assess knowledge and skill. Dermatosurgery, dermatotherapeutics and cosmetic dermatology needs to be added to the curriculum. The teachers , institutions and regulatory authorities to plan strategies to bring about these changes to present to the society a knowledgeable, skillfull,sensitive and ethically correct.    

Synthesis and structures of six closely related N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]arylamides, together with an isolated reaction intermediate: order versus disorder, molecular conformations and hydrogen bonding in zero, one and two dimensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Belakavadi K. Sagar ◽  
Hemmige S. Yathirajan ◽  
Ravindranath S. Rathore ◽  
Christopher Glidewell
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Conformations ◽  
Reaction Intermediate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intermediate Order ◽  
Independent Molecules ◽  
Related Compounds

Six closely related N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]arylamides have been synthesized and structurally characterized, together with a representative reaction intermediate. In each of N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]benzamide, C20H16ClNO2S, (I), N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]-4-phenylbenzamide, C26H20ClNO2S, (II), and 2-bromo-N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]benzamide, C20H15BrClNO2S, (III), the molecules are disordered over two sets of atomic sites, with occupancies of 0.894 (8) and 0.106 (8) in (I), 0.832 (5) and 0.168 (5) in (II), and 0.7006 (12) and 0.2994 (12) in (III). In each of N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]-2-iodobenzamide, C20H15ClINO2S, (IV), and N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]-2-methoxybenzamide, C21H18ClNO3S, (V), the molecules are fully ordered, but in N-[3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophen-2-yl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide, C20H14ClF2NO2S, (VI), which crystallizes with Z′ = 2 in the space group C2/c, one of the two independent molecules is fully ordered, while the other is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.916 (3) and 0.084 (3). All of the molecules in compounds (I)–(VI) exhibit an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The molecules of (I) and (VI) are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds to form finite zero-dimensional dimers, which are cyclic in (I) and acyclic in (VI), those of (III) are linked by C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds to form simple chains, and those of (IV) and (V) are linked into different types of chains of rings, built in each case from a combination of C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. Two C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules of (II) into sheets containing three types of ring. In benzotriazol-1-yl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate, C15H13N3O4, (VII), the benzoate component is planar and makes a dihedral angle of 84.51 (6)° with the benzotriazole unit. Comparisons are made with related compounds.

Types et degrés de verbes supports en italien

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Jezek
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Light Verb Constructions ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decompositional Analysis ◽  
The One

This paper addresses the problem of isolating light verb constructions (LVC) and classifying them according to semantic-syntactic parameters. LVC are firstly classified as a subtype of collocation. This step is important since it places the study of these constructions within a theoretical framework and defines the tests that are valid for their identification. Subsequently, on the basis of the reduction test (nominalization of the LVC and deletion of the verb), a boundary is traced between causative and non causative LVC on the one side and between base and extended LVC on the other side. Ultimately, a grid of semantic/aspectual criteria is proposed in order to distinguish different types of extended LVC. The application of this grid to Italian data allows a semantic classification of LVC based on a semantic decompositional analysis. This classification shows how it is possible to isolate different degrees in the function played by the verb in a LVC, according to its contribution to the semantic interpretation of the construction.

scholarly journals Boolean lattices in finite alternating and symmetric groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lucchini ◽  
Mariapia Moscatiello ◽  
Sebastien Palcoux ◽  
Pablo Spiga
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Symmetric Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Boolean Lattices ◽  
Product Structures ◽  
Alternating And Symmetric Groups ◽  
Regular Partitions ◽  
Lattice Of Subgroups

Abstract Given a group G and a subgroup H, we let $\mathcal {O}_G(H)$ denote the lattice of subgroups of G containing H. This article provides a classification of the subgroups H of G such that $\mathcal {O}_{G}(H)$ is Boolean of rank at least $3$ when G is a finite alternating or symmetric group. Besides some sporadic examples and some twisted versions, there are two different types of such lattices. One type arises by taking stabilisers of chains of regular partitions, and the other arises by taking stabilisers of chains of regular product structures. As an application, we prove in this case a conjecture on Boolean overgroup lattices related to the dual Ore’s theorem and to a problem of Kenneth Brown.

scholarly journals Dealing with jokes in the ESL class: a pedagogical proposal centred on comprehension

Letrônica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 36113
Author(s):  
Manuel Padilla Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Esl Students ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Class A ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theoretic Classification ◽  
The One

This paper makes a pedagogical proposal to delve into jokes in the ESL classroom and sensitise learners to their complexity. It consists of five instructional phases and is based, on the one hand, on another proposal to teach the pragmatics of speech acts in an L2. On the other hand, this proposal relies on a relevance-theoretic classification of jokes made on the basis of the various linguistic, cultural and cognitive factors that humorists exploit in their production. Since it only centres on how different types of jokes can be distinguished and what their correct comprehension involves, it has a cognitive orientation and does not address issues connected with joke production. The proposal is devised for ESL students with an advanced level of English and ultimately seeks to develop their metalinguistic, meta-cultural and metacognitive abilities as a way of enabling them to grasp the humorousness of funny texts, appraise them and react to them in an appropriate way.***Lidando com piadas na aula de ESL: uma proposta pedagógica centrada na compreensão***Este artigo traz uma proposta pedagógica para aprofundar as piadas na sala de aula de ESL (Inglês como língua estrangeira, na tradução para a língua portuguesa) e sensibilizar os alunos a respeito de sua complexidade. Ela consiste em cinco fases instrucionais que, por um lado, baseia-se em outra proposta de ensino da pragmática dos atos de fala em uma L2 e, por outro lado, baseia-se em uma classificação teórica da relevância das piadas feitas com base nos vários fatores linguísticos, culturais e cognitivos que os humoristas exploram em sua produção. Como a proposta se concentra apenas em como os diferentes tipos de piadas podem ser distinguidos e em qual a correta compreensão envolvida, ela tem uma orientação cognitiva e não aborda questões relacionadas à produção da piada. A proposta é elaborada para estudantes de ESL com um nível avançado de inglês e, por conseguinte, busca desenvolver suas habilidades metalinguísticas, meta-culturais e metacognitivas como uma maneira de permitir-lhes compreender o humor de textos engraçados, avaliá-los e reagir a eles apropriadamente.

scholarly journals Stability Analysis of the Periodic Solutions of Some Kinds of Predator-Prey Dynamical Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Nesliye Pelen
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Semigroup Theory ◽  
Coincidence Degree ◽  
Degree Theory ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Different Types

Analysis of predator-prey dynamical systems that have the functional response which generalizes the other types of functional responses in two dimensions is mainly studied in this paper. The main problems for this study are to detect the if and only if conditions for attaining the periodic solution of the considered system and to find the condition for global asymptotic stability of this solution for some different types of predator-prey systems that are obtained from that system. To get the desired results, some aspects of semigroup theory for stability analysis and coincidence degree theory are used.

scholarly journals ОКАЗІОНАЛІЗМИ ЯК ОСНОВА СИНЕРГЕТИКИ ІДІОСТИЛЮ МИКОЛИ ВІНГРАНОВСЬКОГО

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
ЛАРИСА МІНІЧ
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types

The systematization and classification of neolexemes in Mykola Vingranovkyi’s poetry prove that the author used them for creating his own literary idiostyle. Among such kinds of words, the most widespread are formed by compounding the stems. The other variants of the poet’s words are formed by suffixation and also prefixal-suffixal derivatives. Much less common is to find neologisms formed by only prefixation. In the article, the researcher studies different types of occasional lexemes, analysis of which had been based on the aforementioned classification. In this case, the writer’s position is very important. The author shows how the psychoanalytical aspect of the poet’s outlook is present in his linguistic presentation of the world.

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