Women, Work, and Family

2017 ◽  
pp. 394-424
Author(s):  
Francine D. Blau ◽  
Anne E. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on women, work, and family, with a particular focus on differences by educational attainment. First, we review long-term trends regarding family structure, participation in the labor market, and time spent in household production, including time with children. In looking at family, we focus on mothers with children. Next we examine key challenges faced by mothers as they seek to combine motherhood and paid work: workforce interruptions associated with childbearing, the impact of home and family responsibilities, and constraints posed by workplace culture. We also consider the role that gendered norms play in shaping outcomes for mothers. We conclude by discussing policies that have the potential to increase gender equality in the workplace and mitigate the considerable conflicts faced by many women as they seek to balance work and family.

scholarly journals LEGAL WAYS FOR OVERCOMING GENDER DISPROPORTIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
I. Sakharuk
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Foreign Countries

The article deals with the problems of improvement and implementation legislation for gender equality in Ukraine. Have been analysed the main manifestations of discrimination against women in labor market: vertical and horizontal occupational segregation; gender wage differentials; difficulties associated with the combination of work and family responsibilities; the overwhelming predominance of women in the field of part-time, informal, temporary employment; sexual harassment. The issues of gender segregation, gender pay gap, gender equality for work-life balance in the context of foreign and national experience have been explore. The author have been determine the tendencies of improving the labor legislation in foreign countries for introducing the principle of equality between men and women. Gender mainstreaming strategies and programs in G20 countries were summarized. The author draw attention to the nonefficiency of State Social Program for Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men for the period up to 2021, was made the proposals for its improvement. The study finds that there is the issue of equality opportunities between men and women in representation authorities at different levels in Ukraine (on the example of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). Approaches to gender quotas in foreign countries have been analyzed. The author used the statistics on employment, entrepreneurship and remuneration to show inequality on the labor martet in Ukraine. The author have also identified that the national legislation, which establishes special guarantees and restrictions on women's work, will have to be improve in the context of a substantive model of equality. Have been suggested the ways of overcoming gender discrimination in the workplace by a policy of affirmative action

scholarly journals The Fragility of Women’s Work Trajectories in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Rosario Undurraga ◽  
Jóna Gunnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Women Professionals ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Labor Market Segmentation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chilean Women

How are the work trajectories of Chilean women? This qualitative study analyzes the female work trajectories through interviews and biograms in a sample of 50 Chilean women, professionals and non-professionals, between the ages of 24 and 88. The article proposes an original typology of female work trajectories and relates type of work trajectory with Piore’s theory of labor market segmentation. The paper discusses the challenges and weaknesses of the Chilean women’s labor outcome and presents recent data to extrapolate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable work trajectories. It considers the type of State and possible actions to achieve greater welfare and social development regarding gender equality.

scholarly journals Towards gender equality in the labour markets of Canada, USA and Russia: an overview of progress in achievement of international commitments

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Maria Yu. Beletskaya ◽  
Elena A. Zotova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Employment Of Women

In 2019, the International Labour Organization (ILO), together with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), prepared and presented to the G20 leaders a report entitled “Women at work in G20 countries: Progress and policy action”. According to the report, Canada, the United States and Russia show the lowest results among the G20 countries in reaching the goal of reducing the gender gap in labour force participation by 25 percent by 2025. This is largely due to the relatively high levels of gender equality that have already been achieved in these countries. The article analyzes the policy of Canada, the USA and Russia towards women at work in four directions: 1) measures taken by national Governments, in cooperation with social partners, to increase women’s participation in the labour force and to overcome cultural and behavioural barriers to the employment of women; 2) measures to increase women’s ability to earn decent wages, including through lifelong learning, upgrading qualifications and skills development; 3) measures to reduce the proportion of women employed in the informal sector and in low-paid jobs; 4) measures to protect women in labour market in order to encourage men and women to combine work and family and share family responsibilities equitably.

The impact of different supports on work-family conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Maria Ferri ◽  
Matteo Pedrini ◽  
Egidio Riva
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Human Resource Managers ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore whether and how the actual use of supports available from the state, organisations and families helps workers reduce perceived work–family conflict (WFC), explored from both works interfering with family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW) perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a survey of 2,029 employees at six large Italian firms. To test hypotheses, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed. Findings WFC should be explored considering its bi-directionality, as supports have different impacts on WIF and FIW. Workplace instrumental support elicits mixed effects on WFC, whereas workplace emotional support and familiar support reduce both FIW and WIF. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to the Italian national context, and data were collected in a single moment of time, which did not allow for observing changes in employees’ lives. Practical implications Human resource managers, as well as policy makers, will find this study’s results useful in designing effective work–life balance policies and supports, in which attention is devoted mainly to promoting workplace emotional supports and facilitating familiar support. Social implications The study highlights that by reducing pressures from work and family responsibilities that generate WFC conditions, organisational and familiar supports elicit different effects, which should be considered carefully when defining policies and interventions. Originality/value This study is one of the few that compare the role of supports provided by actors in different sectors on FIW and WIF, thereby allowing for an understanding of whether the bi-directionality of the conflicts is a relevant perspective.

The impact of non-ideality on reconstructing spatial and temporal variations of aerosol acidity with multiphase buffer theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafang Cheng ◽  
Guangjie Zheng ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Siwen Wang ◽  
Andrea Pozzer
Keyword(s):  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Acid Dissociation ◽  
Acid Dissociation Constant ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Factor C ◽  
The Impact

<p>Aerosol acidity is a key parameter in atmospheric aqueous chemistry and strongly influence the interactions of air pollutants and ecosystem. The recently proposed multiphase buffer theory provides a framework to reconstruct long-term trends and spatial variations of aerosol pH based on the effective acid dissociation constant of ammonia (K<sub>a,NH3</sub><sup>*</sup>). However, non-ideality in aerosol droplets is a major challenge limiting its broad applications. Here, we introduced a non-ideality correction factor (c<sub>ni</sub>) and investigated its governing factors. We found that besides relative humidity (RH) and temperature, c<sub>ni</sub> is mainly determined by the molar fraction of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> in aqueous-phase anions, due to different NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> activity coefficients between (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>- and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>-dominated aerosols. A parameterization method is thus proposed to estimate c<sub>ni</sub> at given RH, temperature and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> fraction, and is validated against long-term observations and global simulations. In the ammonia-buffered regime, with c<sub>ni</sub> correction the buffer theory can well reproduce the K<sub>a,NH3</sub><sup>*</sup> predicted by comprehensive thermodynamic models, with root-mean-square deviation ~0.1 and correlation coefficient ~1. Note that, while c<sub>ni</sub> is needed to predict K<sub>a,NH3</sub><sup>*</sup> levels, it is usually not the dominant contributor to its variations, as ~90% of the temporal or spatial variations in K<sub>a,NH3</sub><sup>*</sup> is due to variations in aerosol water and temperature.</p>

Perceived organizational support and employee well-being

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashal Ahmed Wattoo ◽  
Shuming Zhao ◽  
Meng Xi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Support ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Perceived Organizational Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Considering work and family responsibility has become an important issue due to changes in the lives of people, understanding work and family responsibilities is essential for organizations in assisting employees to increase their well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to find the impact of perceived organizational support (POS) on work–family facilitation (WFF) and work–family conflict (WFC) and eventually on employee well-being. Design/methodology/approach A survey questionnaire is administered to 1,340 employees of Chinese enterprises. Structural equation modeling is used to test the model fit. Findings Results of this study indicate a significant positive relationship between POS and WFF and significant negative relation between POS and WFC. Results of this paper also indicate that WFF and WFC partially mediate the relationship between POS and employee well-being. Originality/value Over the past two decades, the extent of research on work–family literature has been increased. Most of the work–family research works have been conducted in the Western countries. Very little is known about whether these results are applicable to Eastern societies. This study is extended to focus on work–family literature by drawing a sample from different regions of China. The findings of this study may provide a good understanding of WFC and WFF for Chinese employees. This study stresses the importance of providing organizational support to increase the well-being of employees.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy D. Allen ◽  
Lillian T. Eby
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Labor Patterns

Multiple factors such as changes in family structure and labor patterns have contributed to interest in work–family scholarship and practice over the past several decades. The global economy and rapidly evolving technology have introduced new challenges to how individuals structure and manage their work and family responsibilities. This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the volume. It includes an overview of the seven sections of the book and brief highlights of the chapters that comprise the total volume.

Gender differences in insomnia and the role of paid work and family responsibilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Yoshioka ◽  
Yasuaki Saijo ◽  
Toshiko Kita ◽  
Hiroki Satoh ◽  
Mariko Kawaharada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Responsibilities

scholarly journals Is It Working? An Impact Evaluation of the German “Women Professors Program”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Andrea Löther
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Women Professors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Science And Research ◽  
Unique Dataset

The Women Professors Program, which was initiated in Germany in 2008, aims to increase the proportion of women professors and to promote structural change in favour of gender equality at higher education institutions (HEIs). It is one of the central gender equality policies in higher education in Germany. The present study evaluates the impact of the program by estimating its causal effects on the proportion of women professors. By adopting a quasi-experimental approach and using a unique dataset—a long term census of German HEIs—the study proves that the proportion of women professors increased more than would have been expected in the absence of the program. Although the evaluation includes preliminary estimates of mechanisms driving the described impacts, the integration of context factors and mechanisms into the assessment of the impact of gender equality policies remains a desideratum. The study shows that the program is working, and it contributes to redressing the lack of impact studies on gender equality in science and research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document