Better Than Individuals?

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlan Jeanne Nemeth ◽  
Alexander O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Group Creativity ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Better Than

Groups have notoriously shown less creativity than the sum of their group members. And while others can inhibit creative thought and its expression, another line of research finds that, when another group member shares a dissenting viewpoint, group creativity is often increased. Dissent stimulates thought that is divergent, and, on balance, leads to better decision-making and more creativity. This is true even if that dissent is wrong and even if the dissenter(s) are not valued. Importantly, evidence shows that for dissent to effectively stimulate such divergent thinking, it should be authentic. Role-playing techniques are less effective and may in fact have unintended consequences. The take-home message is that groups should embrace, not just tolerate, dissenting viewpoints for they improve the quality of thought.

scholarly journals SUPERVISION

Al-Risalah ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Rohimah Rohimah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
First Line ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Organization Quality ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
Made In

The movement (leading) of action make appoint group members trying to achieve the goals in accordance with the business organization. “Leading is defined as motivating, directing and otherwise on influencing people to work hard to achieve the organization’s gools”. Institutions as well educational institusionas as oriented to the quality is focused on two customers that customers internal and external. The realize quality of institution or organization according Juran focused on tree activities are Planning, supervision and repairing known as trilogy Juran while Feiganbaum see activities organization quality can be seen fromthe improvement of management continuous improvement employees, leadership, and supervision in first-line, and supervison quality. This can be seen from the activities of leadership in guiding, communicate and decision making in accordance with the work will be made. In this case the most important is how leaders can inform duties and steps of work to do all member organizations to achieve the goal.

scholarly journals Revision and Participation Patterns in Grades 5 and 6 Wiki Writing

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Christine Portier ◽  
Shelley Stagg Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Writing Groups ◽  
Middle Grade ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Willingness To Change ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

Our study examined middle grade students’ participation in wikis during their two-month social studies unit co-taught by two teachers as part of a larger action research project. Using an analysis of 42 grades 5 and 6 students working together in eight wiki writing groups, we report on the frequency and types of revisions they made to collaboratively-written essays, and the distribution of the workload across group members in each of the wiki groups. Discussion data with 16 students from these wiki groups helps contextualize our analysis.Our findings suggest that given their extended time to write, students revised frequently, making replacements more often than they deleted, added or moved content. Students indicated a willingness to change others’ contributions and to have their own contributions revised by others in order to improve the quality of the essays. The majority of their revisions were at the word level, rather than at sentence, paragraph, and whole-text levels. One student in each group contributed significantly more frequently than any other group member. There were no gender or grade patterns in the frequencies or types of contributions that students made to the wikis.

When Two Heads Aren’t Better Than One

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Melissa Fender ◽  
Lisa T. Stickney
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Teachable Moment ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Simple Activity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Better Than

Group and team class decision-making activities often focus on demonstrating that “two heads are better than one.” Typically, students solve a problem or complete an assessment individually, then in a group. Generally, the group does better and that is what the students learn. However, if that is all such an activity conveys, then a significant teachable moment has been missed. It is often the case that a group member has one or more correct answers that the group did not use, or perhaps even outscores the group. The simple activity described here provides an opportunity to discuss a number of reasons that can cause such conformity to happen, integrating several areas of human psychology and behavior, and then segue into techniques to prevent it.

2008 APSA Teaching and Learning Track Summaries—Track Five: Simulations and Role Play I

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 617-618
Author(s):  
Chad Raymond ◽  
Denise Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Intercultural Understanding ◽  
Face Model ◽  
Quality Of Instruction ◽  
Face To Face

The Simulations and Role Play I track examined a broad range of approaches to classroom simulations and role-playing exercises. The presentations covered designs that operate online and face-to-face, model decision making at local and international levels, and run from only a few minutes to an entire semester. Participants and discussants identified several elements that are common to successful simulations. These elements included establishing clear objectives for a simulation prior to its use in a course, designing simulations to actively engage students in the learning process, and using simulations to develop professional skills, empathy, and intercultural understanding among students. The track members agreed that simulations need not be time intensive in preparation or presentation, but can be flexible and made to fit unique situations. Finally, while simulations may not increase student perceptions of the quality of instruction, the simulations do seem to increase student empathy and student decision-making skills, which are worthwhile achievements.

Predicting Group Decision-Making with a Computerized Text Analysis Tool

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-590
Author(s):  
Mary T. Dzindolet ◽  
Arleta Stover ◽  
Linda G. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Team Leaders ◽  
Student Government ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Linguistic Inquiry Word Count ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Technological Tool ◽  
Group Member

Decision-making tasks are often performed in groups because it is believed that a discussion of the topic from varying individual perspectives will lead to a better decision. However, researchers find group members often spend the majority of their discussion time focused on information members have in common rather than on unique pieces of information each group member holds (Stasser & Titus, 2003). Determining which groups are most likely to fall into this trap would benefit team leaders. A computerized text program, the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), offers one technological tool to meet this need. Significant correlations between LIWC word categories and time groups spent discussing common information, discussing unique information, and making the decision were found among 104 students who assessed candidates for student government president in face-to-face groups of two or four. The linguistic profile of groups following this unproductive pattern is identified and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Informative intervention to improve normative functioning and output of groups

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Crott ◽  
R. Hansmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Group Members

Formal probability models of group decision making imply that the normative influence of large opinion factions tends to have a negative impact on the quality of decisions in difficult tasks and a positive impact in easy tasks that many people solve correctly. Consequently, an informative intervention (INFO) was developed that advises group members to evaluate task difficulty and to react correspondingly to normative majority or plurality influence. In the study, groups of 5 persons had to solve 2 types of intellective tasks: knowledge questions and logic problems. Compared to control groups, group members in the INFO condition were less overconfident, and achieved more correct group decisions.

Visual enhancement of brain cancer MRI using multiscale dyadic filter and Hilbert transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Vidyarthi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Mr Image ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Visual Enhancement ◽  
Signal Image ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe quality of the medical image plays a major role in decision making by the radiologists. There exists a visual differentiation between the normal scene color images and medical images. Due to the low illumination and unavailability of the color parameter, medical images require more attention by radiologists for decision making. In this paper a new approach is proposed that enhances the quality of the Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. Proposed approach uses the spectral information present in form of Amplitude and Frequency within the MR image slices for an enhancement. The extracted enhanced spectral information gives better visualization as compared with original signal image generated from MR scanner. The quantitative analysis of the proposed approach suggests that the new method is far better than the traditional state-of-art image enhancement methods.

scholarly journals Do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation decisions: an evidence synthesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin D Perkins ◽  
Frances Griffiths ◽  
Anne-Marie Slowther ◽  
Robert George ◽  
Zoe Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Stakeholder Group ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Plans

BackgroundCardiac arrest is the final common step in the dying process. In the right context, resuscitation can reverse the dying process, yet success rates are low. However, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a highly invasive medical treatment, which, if applied in the wrong setting, can deprive the patient of dignified death. Do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions provide a mechanism to withhold CPR. Recent scientific and lay press reports suggest that the implementation of DNACPR decisions in NHS practice is problematic.Aims and objectivesThis project sought to identify reasons why conflict and complaints arise, identify inconsistencies in NHS trusts’ implementation of national guidelines, understand health professionals’ experience in relation to DNACPR, its process and ethical challenges, and explore the literature for evidence to improve DNACPR policy and practice.MethodsA systematic review synthesised evidence of processes, barriers and facilitators related to DNACPR decision-making and implementation. Reports from NHS trusts, the National Reporting and Learning System, the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, the Office of the Chief Coroner, trust resuscitation policies and telephone calls to a patient information line were reviewed. Multiple focus groups explored service-provider perspectives on DNACPR decisions. A stakeholder group discussed the research findings and identified priorities for future research.ResultsThe literature review found evidence that structured discussions at admission to hospital or following deterioration improved patient involvement and decision-making. Linking DNACPR to overall treatment plans improved clarity about goals of care, aided communication and reduced harms. Standardised documentation improved the frequency and quality of recording decisions. Approximately 1500 DNACPR incidents are reported annually. One-third of these report harms, including some instances of death. Problems with communication and variation in trusts’ implementation of national guidelines were common. Members of the public were concerned that their wishes with regard to resuscitation would not be respected. Clinicians felt that DNACPR decisions should be considered within the overall care of individual patients. Some clinicians avoid raising discussions about CPR for fear of conflict or complaint. A key theme across all focus groups, and reinforced by the literature review, was the negative impact on overall patient care of having a DNACPR decision and the conflation of ‘do not resuscitate’ with ‘do not provide active treatment’.LimitationsThe variable quality of some data sources allows potential overstatement or understatement of findings. However, data source triangulation identified common issues.ConclusionThere is evidence of variation and suboptimal practice in relation to DNACPR decisions across health-care settings. There were deficiencies in considering, discussing and implementing the decision, as well as unintended consequences of DNACPR decisions being made on other aspects of patient care.Future workRecommendations supported by the stakeholder group are standardising NHS policies and forms, ensuring cross-boundary recognition of DNACPR decisions, integrating decisions with overall treatment plans and developing tools and training strategies to support clinician and patient decision-making, including improving communication.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002669.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

Evaluation of the Academic Setting in Spain 1This study was financed by the University of Oviedo.

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernández ◽  
Miguel A. Mateo ◽  
José Muñiz
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Academic Setting ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Evaluation Questionnaire ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
The University

The conditions are investigated in which Spanish university teachers carry out their teaching and research functions. 655 teachers from the University of Oviedo took part in this study by completing the Academic Setting Evaluation Questionnaire (ASEQ). Of the three dimensions assessed in the ASEQ, Satisfaction received the lowest ratings, Social Climate was rated higher, and Relations with students was rated the highest. These results are similar to those found in two studies carried out in the academic years 1986/87 and 1989/90. Their relevance for higher education is twofold because these data can be used as a complement of those obtained by means of students' opinions, and the crossing of both types of data can facilitate decision making in order to improve the quality of the work (teaching and research) of the university institutions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document