Although most will be at least somewhat familiar with the biological role hormones play during puberty and pregnancy, many are likely unaware that hormones—chemical messengers that are secreted by cells and that travel through the body to reach specialized receptors—impact multiple aspects of our lives from conception onward. Behavioral endocrinology and evolutionary psychology are complementary disciplines wherein scholars seek to understand human behavior. Evolutionary psychologists contend that human psychology and behavior are functional outcomes of natural and sexual selection pressures encountered in the ancestral environment. In this view, selection pressures designed adaptations of the mind and body, which produce behavior through a variety of psychological, neurological, and physiological mechanisms. Behavioral endocrinologists study the hormonal and neuroendocrine mechanisms that influence or regulate behavior. They investigate these bidirectional relationships between hormones and behavior using measured, estimated, or manipulated circulating hormone levels, or by studying the associated biological circuitry. Understanding how hormones function as underlying mechanisms for potentially adaptive responses in specific environmental contexts informs an evolutionary perspective on human psychology. This book explores various topics within behavioral endocrinology from an evolutionary perspective. Each chapter explores a subtopic within one of three themes: (1) development and survival, (2) reproductive behavior, and (3) social and affective behavior. Current knowledge on diverse subjects, such as hormonal influences on life history strategy, mate choice, aggression, human hierarchical structure, mood disorders, and more, is outlined and exciting future directions are discussed. The intersection of evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology affords compelling research into human psychophysiology.