Neutrosophic Orbit Topological Spaces

Neutrosophy is a flourishing arena which conceptualizes the notion of true, falsity and indeterminancy attributes of an event. In the study of dynamical systems, an orbit is a collection of points related by the evolution function of the dynamical system. Hence in this paper we focus on introducing the concept of neutrosophic orbit topological space denoted as (X, tNO). Also, some of the important characteristics of neutrosophic orbit open sets are discussed with suitable examples. HIGHLIGHTS The orbit in mathematics has an important role in the study of dynamical systems Neutrosophy is a flourishing arena which conceptualizes the notion of true, falsity and indeterminancy attributes of an event. We combine the above two topics and create the following new concept The collection of all neutrosophic orbit open sets under the mapping . we introduce the necessary conditions on the mapping 𝒇 in order to obtain a fixed orbit of a neutrosophic set (i.e., 𝒇(𝝁) = 𝝁) for any neutrosophic orbit open set 𝝁 under the mapping 𝒇

Distribution, expression and methylation analysis of positively selected genes provides insights into the evolution in Brassica rapa

It is believed that positive selection is one of the major evolutionary forces underlying organism phenotypic diversification. Nevertheless, the characteristics of positively selected genes (PSGs), have not been well investigated. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of orthologous genes between Brassica rapa (B. rapa) and Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea), and identified 468 putative PSGs. Our data show that, (1) PSGs are enriched in plant hormone signal transduction pathway and the transcription factor family; (2) PSGs are significantly lower expressed than randomly selected non-PSGs; (3) PSGs with tissue specificity are significantly higher expressed in the callus and reproductive tissues (flower and silique) than in vegetable tissues (root, stem and leaf); (4) the proportion of PSGs is positively correlated with the number of retained triplication gene copies, but the expression level of PSGs decay with the increasing of triplication gene copies; (5) the CG and CHG methylation levels of PSGs are significantly higher in introns and UTRs than in the promoter and exon regions; (6) the percent of transposable element is in proportion to the methylation level, and DNA methylation (especially in the CG content) has the tendency to reduce the expression of PSGs. This study provides insights into the characteristics, evolution, function, expression and methylation of PSGs in B. rapa.

A Review of Damage, Void Evolution, and Fatigue Life Prediction Models

Degradation, damage evolution, and fatigue models in the literature for various engineering materials, mostly metals and composites, are reviewed. For empirical models established under the framework of Newtonian mechanics, Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) type model, Johnson-Cook (J-C) type damage model, microplasticity model, some other micro-mechanism based damage models, and models using irreversible entropy as a metric with an empirical evolution function are thoroughly discussed. For Physics-based models, the development and applications of unified mechanics theory is reviewed.

Functional properties of insect olfactory receptors: ionotropic receptors and odorant receptors

The majority of insect olfactory receptors belong to two distinct protein families, the ionotropic receptors (IRs), which are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, and the odorant receptors (ORs), which evolved from the gustatory receptor family. Both receptor types assemble to heteromeric ligand-gated cation channels composed of odor-specific receptor proteins and co-receptor proteins. We here present in short the current view on evolution, function, and regulation of IRs and ORs. Special attention is given on how their functional properties can meet the environmental and ecological challenges an insect has to face.

Current Progress on Host Antiviral Factor IFITMs

Host antiviral factor interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a kind of small-molecule transmembrane proteins induced by interferon. Their broad-spectrum antiviral activity and unique ability to inhibit viral invasion have made them a hot molecule in antiviral research in recent years. Since the first demonstration of their natural ability to resist viral infection in 1996, IFITMs have been reported to limit a variety of viral infections, including some major pathogens that seriously endanger human health and social stability, such as influenza A, Ebol, severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, and Zika viruses, etc. Studies show that IFITMs mainly exert antiviral activity during virus entry, specifically interfering with the fusion of the envelope and the endosome membrane or forming fusion micropores to block the virus from entering the cytoplasm. However, their specific mechanism is still unclear. This article mainly reviews the research progress in the structure, evolution, function, and mechanism of IFITMs, which may provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of interaction between the molecules and viruses and the research and development of new antiviral drugs based on IFITMs.

Unifying individual differences in personality, predictability, and plasticity: a practical guide

1. Many animal species show individual differences in behaviour that are partially consistent across repeated measurements. Commonly referred to as personality traits, differences in average behaviours are often correlated across individuals, forming ‘behavioural syndromes’ (e.g. individuals who are more aggressive are also bolder).2. Generally, differences in the average behaviour of individuals explains less than half the variation in behavioural traits. To explain the rest, we need to consider how individuals themselves vary both plastically and unpredictably. 3. Here, we integrate the study of multiple individual differences. With a reproducible worked example based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviours, we give guidance for measuring individual differences in average phenotypes (i.e. personality), responses to an environmental or biological context (i.e. plasticity), and intrinsic variability across time (i.e. predictability, or intra-individual variability).4. Individuality is multi-faceted. By modelling personality, plasticity, and predictability simultaneously, empiricists can quantify how these traits covary across individuals, and test theoretical ideas about phenotypic integration. We provide detailed descriptions and resources for measuring behavioural syndromes, plasticity syndromes, predictability syndromes, personality-plasticity associations, personality-predictability associations, and plasticity-predictability associations. These methods can be extended to incorporate plastic changes in predictability (termed ‘stochastic malleability’). 5. Overall, we showcase the unfulfilled potential of existing statistical tools. Empiricists can use these methods to test more holistic and nuanced questions about the evolution, function, and maintenance of phenotypic variation, for any trait that is repeatedly expressed.