Meanings and Functions of Money in Different Cultural Milieus

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 475-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dov Cohen ◽  
Faith Shin ◽  
Xi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Economic Need ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Descriptive Models

We explore the psychological meanings of money that parallel its economic functions. We explore money's ability to ascribe value, give autonomy, and provide security for the future, and we show how each of these functions may play out differently in different cultural milieus. In particular, we explore the meanings and uses of money across ethnic groups and at different positions on the socioeconomic ladder, highlighting changes over the last 50 years. We examine the dynamics of redistribution between the individual, the family, and the state in different cultures, and we analyze the gendering of money in the world of high finance and in contexts of economic need. The field of behavioral economics has illustrated how human psychology complicates the process of moving from normative to descriptive models of human behavior; such complexity increases as we incorporate the great diversity within human psychology.

The Emergence of Subjectivity in the Ancient and Medieval World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Cultures

This work represents a combination of different genres: cultural history, philosophical anthropology, and textbook. It follows a handful of different but interrelated themes through more than a dozen texts that were written over a period of several millennia. By means of an analysis of these texts, this work presents a theory about the development of Western Civilization from antiquity to the Middle Ages. The main line of argument traces the various self-conceptions of the different cultures as they developed historically. These self-conceptions reflect different views of what it is to be human. The thesis is that in these we can discern the gradual emergence of what we today call inwardness, subjectivity and individual freedom. As human civilization took its first tenuous steps, it had a very limited conception of the individual. Instead, the dominant principle was that of the wider group: the family, clan or people. Only in the course of history did the idea of what we know as individuality begin to emerge. It took millennia for this idea to be fully recognized and developed. The conception of human beings as having a sphere of inwardness and subjectivity subsequently had a sweeping impact on all aspects of culture, such as philosophy, religion, law, and art. Indeed, this conception largely constitutes what is today referred to as modernity. It is easy to lose sight of the fact that this modern conception of human subjectivity was not simply something given but rather the result of a long process of historical and cultural development.

scholarly journals Actions of the nurse to the patient with a mental disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e15510110385
Author(s):  
Aline de Sousa Rocha ◽  
Benedita Maryjose Gleyk Gomes ◽  
Roberta Sousa Meneses ◽  
Marcos Antonio Silva Batista ◽  
Rosane Cristina Mendes Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Provision Of Care ◽  
The Relationship

The psychiatric reform that took place in Brazil carries characteristics of other movements that occurred in other parts of the world. The idea common to all movements is the struggle for the rights of the individual in mental suffering, seeking mainly the rupture of the mental model. These changes led to several transformations in the care scenario, for all professions directly linked to the patient. Nursing in turn has experienced and experiences significant changes in the provision of care. The aim of this study is to talk about nursing care for patients affected by mental disorder, making a temporal analysis of how this care occurred and how it presents itself in the current mental health conjuncture. The methodology is of the literature review type, which occurred through research in the databases BIREME, Lilacs, Scielo, BDENF and VHL. For this, the descriptors: nursing care for people with disorders were selected; nursing care for patients with mental disorders. In view of the results, it was evidenced that nurses are an important part of caring for patients with mental disorders, noting that these make up a multidisciplinary team and highlighting that care goes far beyond just caring for the patient, but that it consists mainly in the relationship with the patient's family, in bonding, in the work that aims at social reintegration and often also the family reinsertion of the individual. Profession that needs to undergo constant updates, but has experienced numerous transformations throughout this period of Reformation.

Homo sapiens and Criminality

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Shanta Balgobind Singh ◽  
Marion Pluskota
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

History has shown that primitive societies, with their well-developed value and norm systems, were self-governing. Needs of the people led to the development of mechanisms for survival. As primitive societies became more complex, a need arose for knowledge of the nature and structure of the communities in which they lived. Moral laws and rules, which governed primitive communities, were organized around the family and tribal environment. Even in the 21st century, forms of human behavior management center on tribal authority systems in different parts of the world. Crime is a social construction that has been widely theorized by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and, of course, criminologists. Researchers have long tried to answer the questions as to why crime exists, how it is defined, how it can be controlled, and what makes it more prevalent in certain communities than in others. This special issue addresses many of these questions and reflects on contemporary research in the criminological field. The authors are at the forefront of the research on crime and shed new light on our societies’ ability to identify, reduce, or cope with criminality.

scholarly journals Effect of Family Variables on Multiple Intelligences of Secondary School Students of Gujarat State

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sanjay Kumar M. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Family Variables

There are billions of people in the world, but it is impossible to find two people identical because God doesn’t repeat His creation. It means everybody is inborn different. But, our education system is such that treats everybody in more or less same way which hampers the development of a child negatively and his or her contribution as well. Hence, researcher has conducted this study entitled “Effect of Family Variables on Multiple Intelligences of Secondary School Students of Gujarat State” to study the individual potential of children in terms of their intelligences and the effect of family related variables on their intelligences. It was found that some of the family and environment related variables affect the intelligences of learner positively and some do not have any effect as given.

scholarly journals 'Honour Killings' in Modern Societies: A Sociological Perspective

ICR Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-535
Author(s):  
Alina Zvinkliene
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Family ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Personal Feeling

The issues of ‘honour’ - and in particular honour-related crimes - in modern societies undisputedly need more public reflection and discussion, especially at the meeting points of different cultures. The ‘concept of honour and shame’ - although not the only factor - is very important for understanding the background of domestic violence. This applies also - although in no way exclusively - to those Muslim family structures that are based on particular cultural traditions. The division of honour into ‘true’ and ‘artificial’ honours indicates that honour can be used to legitimate the hierarchy between members of the family. From a sociological perspective, the minimalist definition refers to honour as a right to respect. This means that honour exists both subjectively and objectively. It exists subjectively as a personal feeling as being entitled to respect. However, it exists also objectively as a public recognition of the public value of the individual. Honour/dishonour-shame always has a form of publicity.

The Existential Processing of Archetypes: Some Prospects for Recognition and Elaboration in Existential Therapy

2019 ◽  
pp. 002216781985909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Buffardi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Existential Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Perspective

Modern neurosciences have now undermined the notion that so-called archetypes, as conceived of by C. G. Jung in his Analytical Psychology, are innate or preexistent to the psychic development of the individual. Most existential therapists today similarly dismiss the theory of archetypes as being overly deterministic and phenomenologically inaccurate. Nonetheless, archetypes as psychological “models” nonetheless exert a powerful influence on human existence. Thus, existential therapists cannot merely minimize the archetype’s central role in basic human experience and behavior. From an existential perspective, the archetype develops in the relationship between the individual and the information she or he receives from the world. The archetype itself changes over time and across different cultures, although it self-maintains quite uniformly due to the inextricable linkage it has with the most profound aspects of instinctual human behaviors, such as common emotional responses to specific situations. Therefore, there is undeniably a deep and abiding nexus between our emotions, our instincts, and our archetypes. In this article, the author, a psychiatrist and existential therapist, affirms that the analysis during existential therapy of how the individual has interpreted and elaborated the subjective significance of his or her own archetypes promotes the expansion of the client’s “internal maps,” and facilitates the creative search for new possibilities in life.

scholarly journals Nacrt ekološke duhovnosti prema enciklici Laudato sì pape Franje

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-412
Author(s):  
Mladen Parlov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Spirituality ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Internal Balance

In the wake of the Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato sì which talks about the Earth as a common home of all people, the author offers a draft of ecological spirituality. The beginning of true eco-spirituality is ecological conversion, which is nothing else but a renewed consciousness that from our faith and encounter with Jesus Christ we also ought to change our relationship with the world around us. Ecological conversion should help the faithful to repeatedly and correctly develop their awareness of having been created, of their own immersion into the world of creatures with which they are interconnected. Correct ecological attitude leads to internal balance of the man himself, to solidarity with others, to natural balance of all living beings and to spiritual balance with God. Ecological awareness can help not only to preserve the environment, which is one of the basic goals, but also to change the way of behaviour, which can raise the quality of life of both the individual and the family. Ecological spirituality understands and lives the sacraments in a new way, as a means of salvation and sanctification, because in the sacraments God uses the visible matter in order to communicate his (invisible) grace. Eco-spirituality calls for upbringing and adopting new attitudes in the lives of contemporary Christians which need to help them to properly treat the created world.

Family-Teacher Relationships

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-301
Author(s):  
Benard O. Nyatuka
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Latino Families ◽  
School Staff ◽  
Teacher Relationships ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Cultures

The need for educators to be conversant on how the different cultures and languages influence parental involvement is increasingly being acknowledged the world over. Among the Latino families in the US, for example, the parent's role construct has been found to influence involvement activities. Research has also suggested that linguistically diverse families are less involved at school. The jargon that schools use to communicate to parents is particularly said to affect the family-teacher relationships. Therefore, this chapter examines both cultural and linguistic capital with the focus being on strengthening family-teacher relationships. It also delves into the parental involvement education programmes that are meant to enhance such relationships. In particular, it is argued that, for the programmes to be effective, they should be culturally sensitive and acknowledge the linguistic differences. Furthermore, they should be offered in the form of professional development for both the families as well as school staff.

scholarly journals Ethnonymy of the region as a mirror of ethnic identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
T. A. Sirotkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Cultures

The article considers the ethnonymy of the region as a mirror of ethnic identity. On the example of the functioning of the names of peoples in the artistic texts of regional authors, the individual components of identity are analyzed and the conclusion is made that this type of language units helps the authors of works to reflect the opposition «one’s friend” in the language picture of the world of any ethnic group, as well as to express the idea of tolerant existence representatives of different cultures in a certain multinational territory.

scholarly journals Prosperity of the Family - the Future of the World and the Church

Family Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Jindřich Šrajer
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

From a historical point of view, it can be argued that the cultivated arrangement of the relationship between man and woman, the support of the institution of marriage, and therefore families, have always been one of the important requirements of individual cultures and religions. There is also a close connection between the state of society (and the dominant requirements in it) and the form of personal and family life. In the Western cultural space with the decisive ecclesiastical discourse, the view of marriage and the family was not spared from one-sidedness and problematic practice. The current magisterium of the Catholic Church remains critical of some contemporary trends and phenomena, including the questioning of the very institution of marriage and the family. At the same time, it remains open to new challenges in this field.The article aims to critically reflect on some issues related to the current situation of marriage and the family, especially the individual and social ethical context of married and family life in contemporary Western culture.Using a reflection of the findings of selected authors, especially of sociologists (Lipovetsky, Beck), the article demonstrates the reality of problematic „points“ of the present time (marked by magisterial texts by Pope Francis) and their connection to married and family life. It thus verifies the thesis that the preconditions for marriage and the family are currently weakened in the Western area. This state of affairs include even the institutions that want to invoke the necessary personal and social responses to the problematic situation. Although the study does not capture the full range of issues and problems currently associated with marriage and the family, it does demonstrate that marital and family relationships in contemporary Western culture are conditioned by a number of factors. Those cannot be fully influenced by the individuals directly affected. The study points to the crucial role of politics, including its responsibility and to the exclusive role of the Church. The Church can, in many respects, increase respect for the institutions and bring a concrete help to the people.The result of the study is an emphasis on the fact that, in the current situation, it is not easy for individuals or families to maintain their own integrative values. It is not easy to withstand the pressures from the outside, to not succumb to the vision of success offered by the majority society. It is also problematic that the focus of politics is not predominantly on the family but, above all, on the immediate interests of the individual. Politics is irresponsibly undercutting itself in order to get into favor of individuals.The conclusion of the study confirms the validity of the magisterial belief that the prosperity of the family is crucial for the future of the world and the Church. Marriage and the family are natural communities that correspond to a person‘s anthropological setting. They allow him or her to find his or her own identity. They are a guarantee of the humanization of the person and society, a protection against deformations of the individualistic or collectivist type.

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