The Book of Isaiah: Its Composition History

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Uwe Becker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Book Of Isaiah ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Essential Unity ◽  
Composition History ◽  
Point Of Departure

This chapter discusses the complex literary growth (Redaktionsgeschichte) that lies behind Isa 1–66, with special focus on history of research. The most important contribution can be attributed to Bernhard Duhm, who proposed the three-part division of Isaiah into Proto-Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah, and Trito-Isaiah. He had several forerunners in the eighteenth century. The great success of the idea of a tripartite authorship stems from Duhm’s conception of the prophet—the prophet was a rhetorical and religious genius. The second part of the chapter deals with the “Rediscovery of the Essential Unity of the Book.” One can speak of a paradigm shift, when the person of the prophet has been replaced by an interest in the book as a literary. There are two basic models for understanding the origin of the book. In the first model, Isa 1–39 and 40–55 are traced back to two, initially independently transmitted, literary works. According to the second model, Isa 40–55 is a literary continuation of Isa 1–39, making it necessary to dismiss the notion of an autonomous Deutero-Isaiah. Two conclusions can be drawn from the history of research: (a) the person of the prophet can no longer serve as an appropriate point of departure for analysis, and (b) redaction-critical analysis of Isa 1–39 must always proceed with attention to the whole book of Isaiah.

Between History and Nature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anik Waldow
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Hermeneutic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Way

From within the philosophy of history and history of science alike, attention has been paid to Herder’s naturalist commitment and especially to the way in which his interest in medicine, anatomy, and biology facilitates philosophically significant notions of force, organism, and life. As such, Herder’s contribution is taken to be part of a wider eighteenth-century effort to move beyond Newtonian mechanism and the scientific models to which it gives rise. In this scholarship, Herder’s hermeneutic philosophy—as it grows out of his engagement with poetry, drama, and both literary translation and literary documentation projects—has received less attention. Taking as its point of departure Herder’s early work, this chapter proposes that, in his work on literature, Herder formulates an anthropologically sensitive approach to the human sciences that has still not received the attention it deserves.

scholarly journals The IAU and the Impact Hazard

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Hans Rickman
Keyword(s):  
Special Focus ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The Earth ◽  
International Coordination ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA brief history of research concerning the risk of impacts by asteroids or comets onto the Earth is presented with attention to the role played by the IAU. Special focus is placed on the events that occurred about 20 years ago, which caused the IAU to become seriously involved in dealing with the impact hazard and to take a leading role in international coordination of these activities.

Devotions of Affliction

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-57
Author(s):  
Paul Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Virgin Of Guadalupe ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cult Of The Virgin ◽  
Point Of Departure

From 1736 to 1739 an outbreak of matlazahuatl, likely typhus, ravaged the Valley of Mexico. In Mexico City, public responses in the form of hospital care, processions, and numerous devotional acts were documented by Cayetano Cabrera y Quintero, an eyewitness and promoter of the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe. His plague chronicle provides a point of departure for a deeper history of the dramaturgy of epidemic outbreaks, in which public pageantry and appeals to beloved saints transformed cities and towns into thoroughfares of saints and devotees. This chapter examines how these performances were both sponsored by corporate bodies and solicited by laypeople well into the eighteenth century, when administrators aggressively pursued sanitation and hygiene campaigns alongside divine succor.

Confining the Poor to Ignorance? Eighteenth-Century American Experiments with Charity Education

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Braslaw Sundue
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Great Success ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Revivals ◽  
George Whitefield ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
Important Shift

In 1738, the English evangelist George Whitefield traveled to the new colony of Georgia intending to establish “a house for fatherless children.” Inspired by both August Hermann Francke, the German Pietist who had great success educating and maintaining poor orphans in Halle, and by charity schools established in Great Britain, Whitefield's orphan house and charity school, named Bethesda, opened its doors early in 1740. For years, Whitefield devoted himself tirelessly to ensuring the success of the Bethesda school, preaching throughout Britain and North America on its behalf. Whitefield's preaching tour on behalf of his beloved Bethesda is well known for its role in catalyzing the religious revivals known collectively as the Great Awakening. The tour also marked an important shift in the history of education in America. News of the establishment of the orphanage at Bethesda coincided with new efforts to school the poor throughout the colonies. Drawing on both the British and German models of charity schooling that were highly influential for Whitefield, eighteenth-century Americans began or increased commitments to charity schooling for poor children. But the European models were not adopted wholesale. Instead, local administrators of the schooling experiments deviated from these models in a striking way. In America, elites offered some children the opportunity for extensive charity instruction, but not necessarily children at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This article will argue that the execution of these charity schooling programs was contingent upon local social conditions, specifically what appears to have been local elites' desire to maintain a certain social order and ensure a continued supply of cheap labor.

scholarly journals From Crooked Wood to Moral Agency: on Anthropology and Ethics In Kant

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer MENSCH
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

In this essay I lay out the textual materials surrounding the birth of physical anthropology as a racial science in the eighteenth century with a special focus on the development of Kant's own contributions to the new field. Kant's contributions to natural history demonstrated his commitment to a physical, mental, and moral hierarchy among the races and I will spend some time describing both the advantages he drew from this hierarchy for making sense of the social and political history of inequalitybetween peoples, and the obviously problematic relationship that such views would entail for Kant's universalism as he began to formulate his ethical program in the 1780s. While there is continued scholarly debate regarding the purported moral "turn" made by Kant once he dropped his commitment to a racial hierarchy in the 1790s, what the narrative as a whole reveals is not only the manner by which questions of racial difference defined physical anthropology from its outset, but the easy and uncomplicated manner by which whole member groups of the population could be excluded from lofty pronouncements regarding the "rights of man"-a fact that was as true for Kant in Königsberg, as it was for Jefferson and Hamilton in Philadelphia.

Hypermeter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-56
Author(s):  
Danuta Mirka
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
American Music ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Study ◽  
Point Of Departure

This chapter unearths a number of cues that point to eighteenth-century recognition of what today is called hypermeter and retraces the line of tradition that led from eighteenth-century music theory to the emergence of the modern concept of hypermeter in the twentieth century. It departs from the eighteenth-century concept of compound meter, related to hypermeter by some modern authors, and from the analogy between measures and phrases posited by Johann Philipp Kirnberger and Johann Abraham Peter Schulz in Johann Georg Sulzer’s Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste (1771–74). While compound meter proves irrelevant for the development of hypermeter, the analogy between measures and phrases, adopted by Gottfried Weber in his Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst (1817) and further refined by German music theorists, provides the point of departure for the development of the concept of hypermeter in American music theory. The further course of the chapter traces more recent history of this concept. It evaluates the contribution of Schenkerian theory and the cognitive study of music, and it introduces a dynamic model of hypermeter as an extension of the dynamic model of meter presented by the author in Metric Manipulations in Haydn and Mozart (2009).

Affect, Discourse, and Dance before 1900

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Thurner
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Limited Application

This chapter analyzes aesthetic treatises that historicize claims that see dance as an art of expression that projects emotions in an immediate fashion. Such a mythical understanding often prevails up to today. It emphasizes that important aspects of a major event in the history of dance—ballet reform in the eighteenth century—were actually prescribed in aesthetic discourse before their implementation on stage. The chapter also provides crucial historical background to the renewed interest in expression in dance after 1900. It shows that, from the eighteenth century onwards, the discourse of dance for the most part ignored the parameters that allow us to perceive the interaction between dancers and audience as immediate, as the double movement of an emotional relationship in motion. This made perfect sense in the context of ballet reform, and the associated paradigm shift toward a sensualist aesthetic, but it has only limited application to later developments in the art of dance.

“Whither Chinese Agriculture?”: An Introduction (“中国农业往哪里去？”——导论)

Rural China ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-221
Author(s):  
Philip C. C. Huang (黄宗智)
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Open Field ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Rural History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Agriculture ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Broad Overview

This article attempts to provide a broad overview response to the question: Whence and whither Chinese agriculture? The point of departure is a summary and discussion of the ten articles of this symposium, five empirical and theoretical discussions from economic historians, two from scholars doing solid and illuminating research on the “new agriculture,” and finally three that explore the issue of what road Chinese agriculture should adopt for the future. The article places the agricultural and rural history of the People’s Republic into the broad perspective of changes since the eighteenth century. It distinguishes between cooperativization, collectivization, and the people’s communes, and between the open-field “old” grain agriculture and the high-value-added “new agriculture.” It examines the differences between the New World’s “lots of land and few people” and the East Asian “lots of people and little land” agricultures, and the former’s land-and-capital-dual-intensifying and the latter’s labor-and-capital-dual-intensifying paths of modern change. From that perspective, it examines the successes and failures of the people’s communes vs. cooperativization–collectivization, of dragon-head enterprises vs. small peasants, and of the American specialty co-ops vs. the East Asian integrated co-ops.本文试图对中国的农业从哪里来、到哪里去的问题做一个总体性的讨论。文章从对本专辑的十篇论文的总结和讨论出发。首先是五篇经验和理论探索的经济史论文，而后是两篇扎实和充满阐释性的关于近三十多年来兴起的“新农业”的研究，最后是三篇关于当前的农业与农村发展道路的探索。文章从18世纪以来的社会经济史视角来检视人民共和国农业发展的历史，区别合作化、集体化、人民公社化，以及“旧”大田（谷物）农业与高附加值“新农业”。文章论述地多人少的“新大陆”农业与人多地少的东亚农业，区别前者的土地与资本双密集化和后者的劳动与资本双密集化的不同现代演变道路,据此来检视人民公社VS. 合作化-集体化，“龙头企业”VS.小农经济，以及美国“专业合作社”VS. 东亚综合农协模式的得失。 (This article is in English.)

Wisdom in Isaiah

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-351
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Abernethy
Keyword(s):  
Social Location ◽  
Book Of Isaiah ◽  
Primary Resource ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Wisdom Tradition ◽  
The Relationship

The history of research on wisdom in Isaiah reveals the story of what scholars initially understood to be two separate domains—wisdom and prophecy—becoming intertwined. As the prophetic book most infiltrated by the wisdom tradition, the book of Isaiah has been the primary resource for probing the nature of the relationship between prophecy and wisdom. For the most part, studies on wisdom in Isaiah focus narrowly on the prophet’s social location in relationship to wisdom or on wisdom in one section of the book (Isa 1–39 or 40–55). In conjunction with the concern within scholarship on Isaiah to understand the book as a unity, this chapter offers an overview of wisdom across the major sections of the book, with an eye toward similarities and differences between sections and diachronic questions that emerge from a synchronic reading.

Isaiah

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Berges
Keyword(s):  
Book Of Isaiah ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

“Whoever wishes to discover the prophet cannot bypass the book.” This motto adequately characterizes the current exegetical paradigm in studies on the Book of Isaiah. It emphasizes the priority of the prophetic book emanating from the literary account of the historical prophet, which has been preserved, significantly extended, and shaped by its tradents for almost half a millennium. In order to enable readers to gain a deeper understanding of the prophetic message, this chapter outlines the history of research and gives an overview of the key periods of literary development, focusing on their influence on the book’s formation and prophetic massage. The Book of Isaiah in its final form is understood as a “literary drama” in which the readers witness the transformation of Jerusalem from a place of judgment into a place of eschatological salvation for both the righteous in Israel and the just ones from the nations.

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