Private Law and Local Custom

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-176
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Common Objection ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between private law and common law. Both private law and the common law fit awkwardly into the dominant theoretical models of law, which emphasize regulation and social control by the state. Thus, the common law has long been criticized for failing to comply with the model of clearly articulated rules that are announced ex ante and applied ex post. The private law, for its part, contains numerous features that make it a poor candidate for a well-designed regulatory regime. The chapter then argues that developments in private law theory suggest a convergence between private law and the common law that responds to these issues, rendering the law both intelligible and providing an answer to the common objection that the common law involves ex post facto lawmaking. In addition, a recovery of this classical common law theory is both conceptually feasible and offers solutions to problems left currently unanswered by neoformalism.

The Trade Mark, Other Product Designations, and Goodwill

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the meaning of the terms that appropriately denote the subject matter protectable by registered trade mark and allied rights, including the common law action of passing off. Drawing on the earlier analyses of the objects protectable by patent and copyright, it defines the trade mark, designation of origin, and geographical indication in their current European and UK conception as hybrid inventions/works in the form of purpose-limited expressive objects. It also considers the relationship between the different requirements for trade mark and allied rights protection, and related principles of entitlement. In its conclusion, the legal understandings of trade mark and allied rights subject matter are presented as answers to the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of the subject matter in question, their method of individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing their and their tokens’ existence.

The New Private Law and Intellectual Property

2020 ◽  
pp. 408-426
Author(s):  
Molly Shaffer Van Houweling
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Concepts And Categories ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
Legal Concepts

This chapter studies intellectual property (IP). A hallmark of the New Private Law (NPL) is attentiveness to and appreciation of legal concepts and categories, including the traditional categories of the common law. These categories can sometimes usefully be deployed outside of the traditional common law, to characterize, conceptualize, and critique other bodies of law. For scholars interested in IP, for example, common law categories can be used to describe patent, copyright, trademark, and other fields of IP as more or less “property-like” or “tort-like.” Thischapter investigates both the property- and tort-like features of IP to understand the circumstances under which one set of features tends to dominate and why. It surveys several doctrines within the law of copyright that demonstrate how courts move along the property/tort continuum depending on the nature of the copyrighted work at issue—including, in particular, how well the work’s protected contours are defined. This conceptual navigation is familiar, echoing how common law courts have moved along the property/tort continuum to address disputes over distinctive types of tangible resources.

The Implementation of Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Principles and Problems

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564
Author(s):  
Dawn Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Executive Agencies ◽  
The Relationship

First, I want to express my gratitude and sense of honour in being invited to deliver the Lionel Cohen lecture for 1995. The relationship between the Israeli and the British legal systems is a close and mutually beneficial one, and we in Britain in particular owe large debts to the legal community in Israel. This is especially the case in my field, public law, where distinguished academics have enriched our academic literature, notably Justice Zamir, whose work on the declaratory judgment has been so influential. Israeli courts, too, have made major contributions to the development of the common law generally and judicial review very notably.In this lecture I want to discuss the process of constitutional reform in the United Kingdom, and to explore some of the difficulties that lie in the way of reform. Some quite radical reforms to our system of government — the introduction of executive agencies in the British civil service, for instance—have been introduced without resort to legislation. There has been a spate of reform to local government and the National Health Service.

scholarly journals Hubungan Pengetahuan Lingkungan terhadap Sikap dan Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan pada Siswa SMAN 5 Jember Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Evita Erryc Agustin ◽  
Wiwin Maisyaroh
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Care Behavior

SMAN 5 Jember is a school that has received the Adiwiyata program predicate. Based on the phenomenon, students who have environmental knowledge do not necessarily have attitudes and behaviors that care about the environment. This is not in line with the school's goal of maintaining the status of a Adiwiyata school. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental care and environmental care behavior among students of SMAN 5 Jember in the 2018-2019 academic year. This study uses a nonexperimental correlational quantitative approach using the ex post facto method. The population in this study were students of class X and XI, amounting to 480 students. The sampling technique used was proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Methods of data collection using observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis used Kendall's Tau Correlation. Based on the results of the research on the relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental care attitudes in students of SMAN 5 Jember, the results obtained were 0.000 < 0.05 so that Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected, meaning that there was a significant relationship. The relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental care behavior results in 0.532> 0.05 so that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, meaning that there is no significant relationship. Keywords: Adiwiyata, Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior   SMAN 5 Jember merupakan sekolah yang mendapatkan predikat program Adiwiyata. Berdasarkan fenomena siswa yang memiliki pengetahuan lingkungan belum tentu memiliki sikap dan perilaku peduli lingkungan. Hal ini tidak selaras dengan tujuan sekolah mempertahankan status sekolah Adiwiyata. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan lingkungan dengan sikap peduli lingkungan dan perilaku peduli lingkungan pada siswa SMAN 5 Jember tahun pelajaran 2018-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif korelasional non eksperimental menggunakan metode ex post facto. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas X dan XIyang berjumlah 480 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik sampling proportionate stratified random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, angket dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan Kendall’s Tau Correlation. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian hubungan pengetahuan lingkungan dengan sikap peduli lingkungan pada siswa SMAN 5 Jember diperoleh hasil 0,000 < 0,05 sehingga Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan. Hubungan pengetahuan lingkungan dengan perilaku peduli lingkungan diperoleh hasil 0,532 > 0,05 sehingga Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak artinya tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan. Kata kunci: Adiwiyata, Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Perilaku

scholarly journals Optimisme dan Kontrol Diri dengan Coping Stress pada Mahasiswa S1Bimbingan dan Konseling UNNES

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Ghaisany Shabrina ◽  
Sunawan Sunawan ◽  
Catharina Tri Anni
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Academic Coping ◽  
Student Guidance ◽  
The Relationship

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara optimisme dan kontrol diri dengan coping stress terhadap tuntutan akademik pada mahasiswa S1 bimbingan dan konseling UNNES. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ex post facto dengan sampel berjumlah 157 dari populasi 288 mahasiswa dengan teknik pengambilan sampel proportionate stratifed random sampling. Skala coping stress diadaptasi dari COPE, skala optimisme diadaptasi dari LOT-R, dan skala kontrol diri diadapatasi dari SCS, skala tersebut digu nakan dalam pengumpulan data dengan reliabilitas 0,940, 0,769, dan 0,937. Adapun teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa antara optimisme dengan coping stress memiliki hubungan yang signifikan (R=0,529, f(1,155) = 60,101, p = <0,01), kemudian hubungan antara kontrol diri dengan coping stress juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan (R=0,366, f(5,150) = 78,544, p = <0,01). Begitu pula antara optimisme dan kontrol diri dengan coping stress juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan (R=0,892, f(2,155) = 298,581, p = <0,01).   Thia research aims to know the relationship between optimism and self control with respect to coping stress academic coping stress in undergraduate student guidance and counseling UNNES. This research is an ex postfacto research with a sample of 157 of the population amounted to 288 students with technique of sampling proportionate stratified random sampling. The scale of coping stress in the adaption of the COPE, the scale of optimism in the adaption of the LOT-R, and the scale of self control in the adaption SCS, the scale used in the collection of data with reliability 0,940, 0,769 and 0,937. As for the analysis techniques using double regression. Results of the study showed that between optimism coping stress have a significant relationship (R= 0,529 f(1,555)= 60,101, p =<0,01) then the relationship between coping stress with self control also has a significant relationship (R= 0,366, f(5,150) = 78,544, p=<0,01). Similarly, between optimism and self control with coping stress also has a significant relationship (R= 0,892, f(2,155)= 289,581, p=<0,01).  

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PEMAHAMAN KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI HEWAN DENGAN KEMAMPUAN MENGHAFAL NAMA LATIN HEWAN PADA SISWA KELAS X IPA SMA NEGERI 3 JEMBER

EDUSAINS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
M Ubaidilah Hasan ◽  
Ira Nurmawati
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Kendall Correlation ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Morphology Characteristics

THE RELATIONSHIP OF STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING LEVEL OF ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE ABILITY TO MEMORIZE ANIMAL LATIN NAMES IN GRADE 10 IPAAbstractAnimal taxonomy subjects often use animal's Latin names. Many students think that this subject is annoying because it is dominated by memorizing animal's Latin names, even though memorizing becomes a prerequisite for understanding. Meanwhile, most of the language materials memorized need an understanding before the memorizing process. This study aimed to find a relationship between the level of students' understanding of an animal's morphological characteristics and the ability to memorize animal's Latin names at the Xth grade of IPA students in SMAN 3 Jember. This study used a quantitative approach with a type of ex post facto. The test obtained the data. Then it was descriptively and inferentially analyzed by Kendall correlation. This research indicated that 56 students who answered test of the level of understanding animal's morphological characteristics and the ability to memorize animal's Latin names resulted in a correlation coefficient of score 0.673, and significance 0,000 < 0.05. Therefore, if the level of students’ understanding of an animal's morphological characteristics increased, the ability to memorize animal's Latin names at the Xth grade of IPA students in SMAN 3 Jember also increased, conversely. AbstrakNama latin hewan sering digunakan dalam materi taksonomi hewan. Banyak siswa beranggapan bahwa materi tersebut membosankan karena didominasi oleh menghafal nama latin hewan, padahal menghafal menjadi prasyarat pemahaman. Sementara itu, sebagian besar materi bahasa yang dihafal membutuhkan pemahaman sebelum proses menghafal berlangsung. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui hubungan tingkat pemahaman karakteristik morfologi hewan dengan kemampuan menghafal nama latin hewan pada siswa kelas X IPA SMA Negeri 3 Jember. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis eks post facto. Data didapatkan menggunakan instrumen tes. Kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensial menggunakan korelasi Kendall. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 56 siswa yang menjawab tes tingkat pemahaman karakteristik morfologi hewan dan kemampuan menghafal nama latin hewan menghasilkan koefisien korelasi 0,673 dan signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05. Dengan demikian, jika tingkat pemahaman karakteristik morfologi hewan meningkat, kemampuan menghafal nama latin hewan pada siswa kelas X IPA SMA Negeri 3 Jember juga meningkat, begitupula sebaliknya. 

DEONTOLOGY, THRESHOLDS, AND EFFICIENCY

Legal Theory ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T. Wonnell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Threshold Functions ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Public Decision

This article explores four topics raised by Eyal Zamir and Barak Medina's treatment of constrained deontology. First, it examines whether mathematical threshold functions are the proper way to think about limits on deontology, given the discontinuities of our moral judgments and the desired phenomenology of rule-following. Second, it asks whether constrained deontology is appropriate for public as well as private decision-making, taking issue with the book's conclusion that deontological options are inapplicable to public decision-making, whereas deontological constraints are applicable. Third, it examines the issue of the relationship between deontology and efficiency, asking whether deontological constraints should yield in situations where everyone would expect to benefit from their suspension, either ex ante or ex post. Finally, the article concludes that constrained deontology is susceptible to political abuse because of the many degrees of freedom involved in identifying constrained actions and the point at which those constraints yield to consequentialist benefits.

9. Mental conditions, intoxication and mistake

2021 ◽  
pp. 292-358
Author(s):  
David Ormerod ◽  
Karl Laird
Keyword(s):  
External Factor ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Individual Actor ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the most commonly occurring ‘mental condition defences’, focusing on the pleas of insanity, intoxication and mistake. The common law historically made a distinction between justification and excuse, at least in relation to homicide. It is said that justification relates to the rightness of the act but to excuse as to the circumstances of the individual actor. The chapter examines the relationship between mental condition defences, insanity and unfitness to be tried, and explains the Law Commission’s most recent recommendations for reforming unfitness and other mental condition defences. It explores the test of insanity, disease of the mind (insanity) versus external factor (sane automatism), insane delusions and insanity, burden of proof, function of the jury, self-induced automatism, intoxication as a denial of criminal responsibility, voluntary and involuntary intoxication, dangerous or non-dangerous drugs in basic intent crime and intoxication induced with the intention of committing crime.

The Relationship between Disability Non-Discrimination Law and Quota Schemes

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Author(s):  
Lisa Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between disability quota schemes and non-discrimination law in Europe. While at first sight they seem to sit uneasily beside each other, the chapter reveals how, in some instances, quota schemes can serve to facilitate compliance with non-discrimination legislation. At the same time, the chapter explores seeming incompatibilities between the two approaches and considers whether there are differences between common and civil law jurisdictions in this respect. Tentative conclusions suggest that there is a greater willingness to establish quota schemes through legislation in civil law jurisdictions compared to common law jurisdictions, and that quota schemes in civil law jurisdictions are more likely to provide for the imposition of a levy in the case that employers fail to meet their quota obligations through employing the required number of people with disabilities. There also seems to be some indication that there is greater awareness of the potential for conflict or tension, in various forms, between non-discrimination law and quota schemes in common law jurisdictions than in civil law jurisdictions. Finally, the two schemes operating in the common law states are only applicable to the public sector—whilst in civil law states quotas are generally applied to both public and private sector employers. This may indicate different perceptions regarding the role of public sector employers and the legitimacy of imposing quota requirements.

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