The Atlantic Slave Trade and its Lasting Impact

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Wasiq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Economic Motives ◽  
Second World

This chapter describes aspects of the transatlantic slave trade specific to regions that now comprise Nigeria and provides a review of academic research since the Second World War on the causes, effects, and character of the trade. Because of its volume, duration, and destabilizing effects, the trade had a profound impact on Nigeria’s political and economic evolution. Modern scholarship has centered around five recurring questions: How large was the trade? How efficient and productive was slave labor relative to free labor? Did the trade catalyze the Industrial Revolution in England? Did the trade retard the long-term economic development of Africa? Why did Africa, as opposed to many other potential source regions, become the New World’s primary provider of slave labor? Despite decades of research and scholarly debate, questions about the economic motives for the transatlantic trade and its long-term effects on Africa’s development remain unsettled.

Quantifiable Effects of Nuclear War on Health

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. William A. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Explosive Power ◽  
Second World ◽  
Conventional Device

Superpower military competition has abated, but the specter of nuclear weapons still adds a completely new dimension to warfare. The destructive capacity of so-called conventional bombs was made cruelly evident in the Second World War. Yet, today, a single, thermonuclear bomb has the explosive power of a million times the largest conventional device, with not only devastatingly immediate consequences but also extremely harmful long-term effects, both at the site of the attack and far away, in time and space (Figure 1).In Figure 2, the small central circle with a radius of 1.4mm represents the combined area which would have been affected by the total of all the explosives used in the Second World War. The larger circle, with a radius of 100mm, represents the relative destructive power of the nuclear arsenals stockpiled today. This is a terrible and, hopefully, a sobering image.

Endogenous Growth, Trend Output, and the Industrial Revolution: Reply to Crafts and Mills

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Greasley ◽  
Les Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Parsimonious Models ◽  
Stochastic Properties

The origins of this exchange stem from an important paper by N. F. R. Crafts, Steven Leybourne, and Terence Mills, which argues that underlying trends in British industrial output for the period 1700 to 1913 are stochastic rather than linearly deterministic. Using parsimonious methods, we propose an alternative view that the output series have alternating stochastic properties. Specifically we distinguish the period 1780 to 1851 as an Industrial Revolution epoch during which shocks had long-term effects. Out model simplifies to help understand the complexities of the Industrial Revolution, and we agree with Clive Granger and Zhuanxin Ding, that “While it is correct to search over a specific set of parsimonious models … the model so achieved is, at best, an approximation to the truth”.

The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour Drescher
Keyword(s):  
Slave Trade ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Geographical Scope

How might a discussion of the ending of the Atlantic slave trade in relation to the development of European racism illuminate the question of who gained and who lost? The question can be approached at three levels. The first concerns the degree to which the racial attitudes of Europeans were affected by the process of termination. The second would be how the people of Europe and of Afro-America were affected by the termination itself. The third and broadest aspect would be the long-term effects of that complex process. It seems to me that the answers become more speculative as the scope of potential impact broadens, as the discussion moves from a concern with attitudes and ideology to social conditions, as the geographical scope broadens, and as the temporal dimension to be considered expands to encompass the twentieth century. The first level, the relation of the processes of abolition to racism, is the primary focus of this paper; a few brief remarks on the second and third issues are reserved for the conclusion.

scholarly journals Exploring the Concepts of Abuse and Neglect of Children in Victorian Novel: A Revisitation of Dickens’ Works

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim YEKINI
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Victorian Novel ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Deep Impact ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Abuse And Neglect

The long term abuse of children, physically, emotionally, sexually or through neglect can have major long-term effects on all aspects of a child's health, development and well-being. This emotional violence is likely to have a deep impact on the child's self-image and self-esteem, and on his or her future life. This article is a critical exploration of Charles Dickens’ novels, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield that has been slightly adapted from my doctoral dissertation, to pinpoint aspects of moral and physical violence Victorian children are exposed to during the Industrial Revolution in England, in order to examine its impacts on their emotional development and make suggestions for a sustained solutions to the same plights devastating African children.

Recent Developments

2000 ◽  
pp. 297-338
Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
West African ◽  
The Political ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

This chapter explores the underlying and long-term effects of the Second World War on the future of Elder Dempster and its relationship with West Africa. It focuses on the political and economic independence of West African colonies, and the resulting major changes in the structure and organisation of its trading areas, including the formation of independently owned shipping lines. The chapter describes the greater momentum of the establishment and extension of new ports at the end of the war, and reports the corresponding dramatic increase in West African trade. It concludes with an analysis of the decline in Elder Dempster’s share of West African trade, and provides a calculation of its profitability and success in the post-war era.

Consolidation, 1689-1775

2012 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Ralph Davis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Industry Growth ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Compensatory Increase ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This chapter continues the previous chapter’s overview of British shipping conventions, picking up in 1689 at the turning point of industry growth and continuing into the late eighteenth century. It pays particular attention to the Anglo-French wars between 1689-1713 and the effect they had on shipping growth, resulting in both temporary setbacks and long-term economic depression. It examines the Union of England and Scotland, the sharp decline of Anglo-French trade and the compensatory increase in trade with Portugal, and non-war related declines such as trade with Turkey and the decline of the Newfoundland Fishery. It catalogues the shipping tonnage of major English ports, and contrasts Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull in regard to several aspects of shipping such as the growing slave trade. It concludes with the growth of international and transatlantic trade, and the transformation of British shipping in anticipation of modern shipping technology.

The epidemic of COVID-19 prompted widespread use of mRNA vaccinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Distribution Limits ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues

COVID-19 challenge resulted in huge expenditure in mRNA-lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) manufacturing. Hundreds of billions are produced for human use. This is a significant shift, inconceivable only a year ago. If an LNP platform can traverse thick mucus in patients with respiratory difficulties (such as cystic fibrosis) or target extrahepatic tissues in the future, multi-billion-dose procedures are in place to serve a significant number of patients with unusual genetic diseases (>100,000 individuals). Due to LNPs' versatility in delivering genome editing components, a successful strategy might be easily scaled up and employed to successfully eliminate a rare disease with a single treatment.COVID-19 led to widespread usage of mRNA vaccines. For years, academic and industrial scientists have worked intensely to produce these technologies. Although not enough time to analyze the long-term effects of mRNA vaccines, phase III clinical studies of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines showed around 95 percent efficacy and outstanding safety profiles. The COVID-19 outbreak laid the stage for scaling and overcoming distribution limits that would otherwise have taken decades. RNA treatments and nanomedicine as a field will never be the same again, and will take center stage. The Enlightenment Age of the RNA nanotherapeutics sector is coming to an end, and the area is ready for a full-scale industrial revolution.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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