The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change

Author(s):  
Pierre Larrivée

The long tradition of relating changes in the form and meaning of negation to pragmatics raises the questions of what precise pragmatic notions are involved, and under what conditions they relate to (stages of) evolution. Emerging clausal negators (and possibly Negative Concord Items, NCIs) introducing a new stage of the Jespersen Cycle (Dahl 1979) are categorically found in explicitly discourse-old value clauses, to lose that value at quantifiable rates of usage. Emphasis characterizes NCIs when they contain a scalar marker, compete with another synonymous NCI, or enter a clausal negative construction. The pragmatic value of declining negative markers is still unclear. Markers from other grammatical categories relating to veridicality, such as interrogations and Verum Focus markers, also associate to a categorical discourse-old value in their initial stages of evolution. By identifying known knowns but also known unknowns, the chapter encourages systematic research into the relation between pragmatics and grammatical change.

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Edward R.T. Tiekink

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database was conducted for pyridyl-substituted dithiocarbamate ligands. This entailed molecules containing both an NCS2− residue and pyridyl group(s), in order to study their complexation behavior in their transition metal and main group element crystals, i.e., d- and p-block elements. In all, 73 different structures were identified with 30 distinct dithiocarbamate ligands. As a general observation, the structures of the transition metal dithiocarbamates resembled those of their non-pyridyl derivatives, there being no role for the pyridyl-nitrogen atom in coordination. While the same is true for many main group element dithiocarbamates, a far greater role for coordination of the pyridyl-nitrogen atoms was evident, in particular, for the heavier elements. The participation of pyridyl-nitrogen in coordination often leads to the formation of dimeric aggregates but also one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional arrays. Capricious behaviour in closely related species that adopted very different architectures is noted. Sometimes different molecules comprising the asymmetric-unit of a crystal behave differently. The foregoing suggests this to be an area in early development and is a fertile avenue for systematic research for probing further crystallization outcomes and for the rational generation of supramolecular architectures.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Наталия Александровна Иванова

Актуальность исследования для экономики усиливается такими явлениями, как влияние мирового финансового кризиса, усложнение отраслевой и территориальной структуры производства, усиление интеграции всех сфер общественной жизни, возрастание значения экологических, социальных и политических факторов развития общества, повышение трансакционных издержек принятия решений в сфере управления. Изучение литературы о территориях дает основание определить понятие региональной системы России как элемент, подсистему некоторой иерархической системы, в роли которой выступает национальная экономика. Процессы глобализации коренным образом изменяют роль регионов в национальной экономике. Регион постепенно становится не только отдельным экономическим агентом, но также вступает в мировые конкурентные процессы. Положение территориально-организованных систем оказывается зависимым не только от макроэкономических условий или возможностей самих регионов, но также от расстановки конкурентных сил, механизмов взаимодействия регионов с другими субъектами. В этой связи возникает необходимость системных исследований с целью выработки комплекса мер, которые будут способствовать повышению конкурентоспособности экономики в целом, ее регионов в частности. Существующий инструментарий региональной экономики является уже недостаточным для анализа такого рода проблем, а традиционный конкурентный анализ не рассматривает регионы в качестве субъектов конкуренции. Требуется расширение и применение новых теоретических подходов к анализу региональных экономических систем и эффективности их развития, формированию целостной концепции развития территориальной организации хозяйства, что обусловило актуальность данного исследования. The relevance of the study for the economy is enhanced by such phenomena as the impact of the global financial crisis, the complication of the sectoral and territorial structure of production, the strengthening of integration of all spheres of public life, the increasing importance of environmental, social and political factors in the development of society, the increase in transaction costs of decision-making in the field of management. The study of the literature on territories gives grounds to define the concept of the regional system of Russia as an element, a subsystem of some hierarchical system, in the role of which the national economy acts. The processes of globalization are fundamentally changing the role of regions in the national economy. The region is gradually becoming not only a separate economic agent, but also enters into global competitive processes. The position of geographically organized systems turns out to depend not only on the macroeconomic conditions or the capabilities of the regions themselves, but also on the alignment of competitive forces, the mechanisms of interaction of regions with other entities. In this regard, there is a need for systematic research in order to develop a set of measures that will contribute to improving the competitiveness of the economy as a whole, its regions in particular. The existing tools of the regional economy are no longer sufficient to analyze such problems, and traditional competitive analysis does not consider regions as subjects of competition. It requires the expansion and application of new theoretical approaches to the analysis of regional economic systems and the effectiveness of their development, the formation of an integral concept of the development of the territorial organization of the economy, which determined the relevance of this study.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Pristina Pidada ◽  
Mirsa Umiyati ◽  
Ni Wayan Kasni

A number of studies on verbs as one of the linguistic grammatical categories, serving to desccribe events, have been to explore in depth their more distinct types according to their semantic primitives under the natural semantic metalanguage theory approach. This research aims is to features the semantic types and specific roles of the verb ‘to carry’ in Balinese from the natural semantic metalanguage theory perspective. This study is a qualitative study. The semantic types of the verb in question was first classified in order to ease the identification of their specific semantic roles. The results of research show type of semantic roles were restricted to agent for the arguments serving as an actor of the activity described with the each of semantic type of the verb ‘to carry’ and patient for those serving as target of the said activity. This research discloses a 21 type of Balinese verbs which semantically have an intimate relation to the verb ‘to carry’; they are nèngtèng, ningting, nyangkol, nyangkil, nyuun, negen, ngandong, nenggolong, nyelet, nyelepit, ngabin, nampa, ngundit, nangal, nandan, nyekel, nikul, ngenyang, mundut, nyunggi, dan ngayot.


2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1812-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Longe ◽  
B Randall ◽  
EA Stamatakis ◽  
LK Tyler

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lang ◽  
Jürgen Hoyer

This case example demonstrates the role of massed exposure in optimizing treatment outcome in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Treatment of a 28-year-old male patient in a clinical routine setting is described. Full remission was achieved after an 8 day period of intensive treatment and proved to be stable at follow-up (6 months). More systematic research including controlled studies comparing massed and spaced exposure is suggested.


2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
M. F. WATSON ◽  
G. M. PLUNKETT ◽  
S. R. DOWNIE ◽  
P. P. LOWRY II

The family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) can be credited with two major landmarks in botanical history: the first systematic monographic treatment of any plant group (Morison, 1672), and the first international symposium dedicated to systematic research on a plant family (Heywood, 1971). The 1970 symposium on the Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae held at the University of Reading, UK, resulted from the large body of research interest in the family around the world at that time, and helped to stimulate further work on the Apiaceae. It also provided a model for similar symposia on major plant groups in the years to follow, including Asteraceae (Heywood et al., 1977), Brassicaceae (Vaughan et al., 1976), Lamiaceae (Harley & Reynolds, 1992), Solanaceae (Hawkes et al., 1979), and Fabaceae (Summerfield & Bunting, 1980; Polhill & Raven, 1981). Growing interest in umbellifers soon resulted in a second international symposium on the family held at the Centre Universitaire de Perpignan, France, in 1977 (Cauwet-Marc & Carbonnier, 1982). Although a large role of this second symposium was to review progress on a major co-operative research programme focused mainly on the tribe Caucalideae, participants with other interests were also involved, and wider developments in the systematics of the family were discussed.


1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Baldwin

Scholarly, as well as popular, literature focused on the interaction of the Catholic Church and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 has frequently advanced the contention that the Revolution had “Protestant overtones.” The vagueness of the accusation and its ambiguous implications have thus far eluded clarification. Some of these accusations, particularly those made in the 1920's when memories of the Cristero Revolt were fresh, represent the opinions of the Revolution's detractors and thus their comments have often been dismissed as mudslinging. However, writers of the 1960's in more dispassionate terms have also alluded to this theme. Jean Meyer, for example, includes as a part of his explanation of Cristero dissatisfaction the incompatible juxtaposition of the traditional Roman Catholic Cristero and the Protestant attitude adopted by the revolutionaries. Few investigations have explored the extent or role of non-Catholic religious institutions in Mexico during the revolutionary era. Despite these accusations, systematic research on Protestants has been overshadowed by investigations of Catholics to such an extent that the accuracy and seriousness of accusations of “Protestant overtones” cannot be evaluated.


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