The Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry

2010 ◽  
pp. 547-571
Author(s):  
Adrian Towse ◽  
Patricia M. Danzon
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The Face ◽  
Less Developed Country ◽  
Push And Pull

This article focuses on the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry (including biological therapies and vaccines) is heavily regulated and yet has no intrinsic natural monopoly characteristics. Indeed it is highly competitive from research through to selling. Market power is temporary and derived from public policy in the form of government-granted patents on individual products. The regulatory issues in pharmaceuticals therefore arise from a number of factors that characterise this field. This article looks at the special challenges of regulating in the face of such factors as poor observability of efficacy, high dangers of moral hazard, and the potential exclusion from desirable services of those who lack wealth. In response to the need for private sector investment in drugs and vaccines to treat Less Developed Country-only diseases, the advantages and disadvantages of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ subsidy proposals are also considered in this article.

Information and support radiographers: a critical review of the role and its significance for the provision of cancer services

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Colyer ◽  
T. Hlahla
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
National Service Framework ◽  
Less Developed Country ◽  
Main Components

The purpose of this paper is twofold; firstly, to present for wider consideration data collected about the role of information and support radiographers (ISRs) in the United Kingdom and secondly, to review critically issues of significance arising from the initial data collection and content analysis.The empirical material is taken from a much larger survey of Oncology Centres1 whose aim was to analyse the extent and effectiveness of information and support services for cancer patients in order to evaluate service provision in a less developed country. A short, self completed postal questionnaire to identified information and support radiographers was employed. It sought to identify the main components of the ISR role, underpinning qualifications, limitations and potential for development. 64% of ISRs surveyed responded (n = 22) and the findings are presented for consideration in this paper.The discussion comprises a critical review by the first author of some issues raised by the findings in the context of the national service framework for integrated provision2 and current developments in the practice and processes of therapeutic radiography. Specifically, the relative contribution of different aspects of the role of the ISR are evaluated, examining the benefits to patients and professionals alike. The difficulties of trailblazing a new role in a traditional, hierarchical service are explored. The necessity of a profession specific base for information and support provision in clinical oncology is questioned and it is suggested that, professionally, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this role development, but there is support for a less predatory, more interprofessional approach.

scholarly journals Involvement of Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Immune System Modulation

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Neslihan Yeşilyurt ◽  
Birsen Yılmaz ◽  
Duygu Ağagündüz ◽  
Raffaele Capasso
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Intestinal microbiota interacts with other systems, especially the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body by recognizing “stranger” (pathogen associated molecular patterns-PAMPs) and “danger” (damage-associated molecular patterns-DAMPs) molecular motifs. In this manner, it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases and health. Despite the use of probiotics that modulate the intestinal microbiota in providing health benefits and in the treatment of diseases, there are some possible concerns about the possibility of developing adverse effects, especially in people with suppressed immune systems. Since probiotics provide health benefits with bioactive compounds, studies are carried out on the use of products containing non-living probiotic microorganisms (paraprobiotics) and/or their metabolites (postbiotics) instead of probiotic products. It is even reported that these microbial compounds have more immunomodulatory activities than living microorganisms via some possible mechanism and eliminates some disadvantages of probiotics. Considering the increasing use of functional foods in health and disease, further studies are needed with respect to the benefits and advantages of parabiotic and/or postbiotic use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as well as immune system modulation. Although probiotics have been extensive studied for a long time, it seems that postbiotics are promising tools for future research and applications according to the recent literature. This review aimed to evaluate the interaction of probiotics and postbiotics with the immune systems and also their advantages and disadvantages in the area of food-pharmaceutical industry and immune system modulation.

Public Transport System in Local City and Rural Area: Comparative Study Between Malaysia and Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotaro Yukawa ◽  
Mohd Azizul Ladin ◽  
Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Regulation Policy ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Bus Services

Recently, bus companies in Peninsular Malaysia are confronted with a crisis of maintaining its local bus services. Operating unprofitable public transport system in local cities and rural areas is an important issue in a developed country. However, such cases (operating unprofitable public transport) have emerged in developing country like Malaysia. Until recently, researchers focused on this kind of problems for only developed country and there are not enough international comparison about local bus service. To address this gap, we conducted a comparative analysis between Japan and Malaysia in this paper. We’ll focus on the similarities and differences in terms of regulation, policy and some cases of bus substitution in both countries. We also examined the advantages and disadvantages about Japanese case and present some implication about future policy in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Natural product like “shikonin” might be a hope for Breast cancer cure

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Md. Niuz Morshed Khan ◽  
Maidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Signaling ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Effective Treatment Regimen ◽  
Less Developed Country

AbstractAmong all cancers, breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall, both in the developed and less developed country. It is a matter of concern worldwide, that there is no effective drug is available for cancer treatment. Although, Surgery, radiation, hormonal (anti-estrogen) therapy, and chemotherapy are being used for treatment of breast cancer in recent years, due to life threatening side effects, these treatment approaches becoming more vulnerable. However, researchers from across the world searching a safe and effective treatment approach that can be a breakthrough for this situation, as it is evident that natural compounds like shikonin from Lithospermum erythrorhizon can fight against aggressiveness of breast cancer by regulating apoptosis, necroptosis and estrogen receptor signaling pathway. In this review, we discussed about potential green chemical compounds with their mechanisms of actions, which can be very effective treatment regimen for breast cancer and can be more potent by their proper modifications and further molecular research. Hopefully in future, research focusing on the “shikonin” will open a new door for increasing the survival rate of breast cancer patients as well as cancer cure.

scholarly journals Strategies Influencing Work- Family Balance among Female Faculty: A Study of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar Hasanuzzaman ◽  
Bui Nhat Vuong
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Less Developed Country ◽  
Work Family

Traditionally women are expected to do all household works. The increasing working women lead to review this social convention and practice the strategies in balancing work-family lives. Last few decades, it has received much importance in conducting research on developed and developing country. In a less developed country like Bangladesh, very few studies had taken place to investigate the educated women in the higher educational sector. This qualitative study, mainly, is based on the unique experiences of female faculty of the private university in Bangladesh and focuses on the strategies they employ in balancing work-family lives. Nine participants were chosen purposefully with maximum variation and conducted in-depth interview. The authors used a thematic analysis of the interview data presented three themes including: (a) supportive environment at family and workplace, (b) time management and setting up the priorities, and (c) locus of control. The study concludes that the female faculty members emphasize more on families rather than work in balancing their work-family lives; but the behavior is different in case of unmarried women or who stay separated from husband, they like to focus on work. The strategies and overall situation of female faculty members were discussed and recommended further research area.

scholarly journals DETERMINANT RETURN TO EDUCATION IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhamad Azhar ◽  
S. Suwatno ◽  
Amir Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Return To Education ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
Less Developed Country

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2016). Penduduk Berumur 15 Tahun ke Atas yang Bekerja Selama Seminggu yang Lalu Menurut Lapangan Pekerjaan Utama dan Pendidikan Tertinggi yang Ditamatkan. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.Badan Pusat Statistik.(2016). Keadan Angkatan Kerja Provinsi Banten Agustus 2016. BPS Banten.Becker, Gary S. (1975). Human Capital, A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, 2nd Edition. Diakses dari http://www.nber.org/Deolalikar, Anil. (1993). Gender Differences in the Returns to Schooling and in School Enrollment Rates in Indonesia. Journal of Human Resources. 28 (4), 899-932[Friedman, Howard S., Schustack, Miriam W. (2008). Kepzribadian Teori Klasik dan Riset Modern. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.Heckman, James J., Lochner, Lance J., dan Todd, Petra E. (2003) Fifty Years of Mincer Earnings aKrueger, Alan B., and Lindahl, Mikael. (2000). Education for Growth: Why and For Whom?. Working Paper No. 7591.Megasari,  Diah Nurulia, (2014). Analisis Tingkat Pengembalian Investasi Pendidikan Antara Laki-Laki Dan Perempuan Di Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2014. Universitas Negeri YogyakartaOECD Stat. Extract. Dzaiakses dari: http://stats.oecd.org, pada 1 April 2015.OECD. (2000). Estimating Economic and Social Returns to Learning: Session 3 Issues for Discussion.Perkins, D.H, Radelet, S, Snograss, R.R, Gillis, M, and Roemer, M. 2001. Economics of Development.WW. Norton & Company, Inc. United States of America.Psacharopoulos, G. 1985. “Returns to education: A further international update andimplication”. The Journal of Human Resources, 20 (4), 583-597.Psacharopoulos, George 1994 “Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update”.World development vol. 22 no. 9 pp 1325-43.Psacharopoulos, George. (1993). Return to Investment in Education: A Global    Update.               Diaksesdari:             http://www- wds.worldbank.org/servlet, pada 10 Agustus 2015.Psacharopoulos, George. (2006). The Value of Investment in Education: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. Journal of Education Finance. 32(2), 113-136.Purnastuti, L., dkk. (2011). Economic Return to Schooling in a Less Developed Country: Evidence for Indonesia. Diakses dari: http://kastoria.teikoz.gr/icoae2/, pada 20 Desember 2014.Purnastuti, L., dkk. (2015). Analisis Tingkat Pengembalian Investasi Pendidikan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Prosiding Seminar Nasional 9 Mei 2015. Hlm. 797-806Purnastuti, L., Miller, P., dan Salim, R. (2013). Decilining Rates of Return to evidence for Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesia Economic Studies.49(2), 213-236.Purnastuti, Losina., Miller, Paul., and Salim, Ruhul (2012). Economic Returns to Schooling in A Less Developed Country: Evidence for Indonesia. Journal of European Economy. Vol. 11. Sepecial Issue.Purnastuti, Losina., Miller, Paul., and Salim, Ruhul (2013). Declining rates of return to education: evidence for Indonesia, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies.Schultz, Theodore, W (1961). Investment in Human Capital. Diakses dari: www.ssc.wisc.edu, pada 23 Februari 2015.

scholarly journals Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Part II

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Enns
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ◽  
Nuclear Scintigraphy ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
The Face ◽  
Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Diagnostic strategies for lower gastrointestinal bleeding include nuclear scintigraphy, mesenteric angiography and endoscopic evaluation of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Each method has inherent advantages and disadvantages. Nuclear scintigraphy is simple and noninvasive, but high rates of false localization have led most clinicians to insist on confirmation of the bleeding site by another method before considering surgical intervention. Angiography is very specific, but is invasive and not as sensitive as nuclear scintigraphy. Colonoscopy is sensitive and specific, and can offer therapeutic value but can be technically challenging in the face of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These strategies and the evidence behind them are discussed.

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