Paul the Philosopher
This essay first situates Paul as a philosopher, or a writer who ‘philosophizes’, within the major developments of Pauline scholarship since 1977. Three trends have led away from a ‘philosophical’ Paul, emphasizing either the ‘inconsistent’ Paul, a ‘social historical’ and ‘cultural anthropological’ Paul, or his Jewishness (either the ‘new perspective’ on Paul or, much more strongly, the ‘radical’ Paul). Three other trends have been more congenial to a ‘philosophical’ Paul by analysing the rhetoric of Paul’s letter writing, the paraenesis of the letters, or directly his affinities with Graeco-Roman philosophy. Neither trend, it is claimed, must be played out against one another. Next, the essay defines a set of criteria for finding ‘philosophy’ in Paul. Finally, it is shown how a number of central Pauline texts fulfil these criteria. Here the topics are three: how Christ believers should live in the present, how they will live in the future, and how Paul himself has entered the world of Christ faith. Two features are further noted that are distinctly characteristic of Paul’s ‘philosophizing’: the anchorage in what God has done to the world at large and what he has done to Paul himself. But these do not suddenly imply that Paul is not doing philosophy.