The Oxford Handbook of Reference

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
The Brain

Reference, the ability to refer to and pick out entities, is essential to human language and thought/cognition. The chapters in this volume attempt to provide a state of the art overview of this ability. The book is divided into two sections. The chapters in Part I, Foundations, are concerned with basic questions related to different types of referring expression and their interpretation. They address questions about the role of the speaker (including speaker intentions) and of the addressee, as well as the contribution of (the semantics of) the linguistic forms themselves, in establishing reference. They are also concerned with the nature of such concepts as definite and indefinite reference and specificity and the conditions under which reference may fail. The chapters in Part II, Implications and Applications, address questions about the acquisition of reference by children, and the processing of reference in the brain (neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics) as well as by machines, including robots (computational linguistics).

scholarly journals Translation Policies in Legal and Institutional Settings

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Linguistic Justice ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Everyday Interaction ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective

Translation Policies in Legal and Institutional Settings documents the state of the art in research on translation policies in legal and institutional settings. Offering case studies of past and present translation policies from several parts of the world, it allows for a compelling comparison of attitudes towards translation in varying contexts. This edited volume highlights the virtues of integrating different types of expertise in the study of translation policy: theoretical and applied, historical and modern, legal, institutional, and political. It effectively illustrates how a multidisciplinary perspective furthers our understanding of translation policies and unveils their intrinsic link with topics such as multilingualism, linguistic justice, minority rights, and citizenship. In this way, each contribution sheds new light on the role of translation in the everyday interaction between governments and multilingual populations.

scholarly journals Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10504
Author(s):  
Anastasia Roukouni ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons

In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.

scholarly journals Visual stability

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1564) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melcher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Clinical Neurology ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

Our vision remains stable even though the movements of our eyes, head and bodies create a motion pattern on the retina. One of the most important, yet basic, feats of the visual system is to correctly determine whether this retinal motion is owing to real movement in the world or rather our own self-movement. This problem has occupied many great thinkers, such as Descartes and Helmholtz, at least since the time of Alhazen. This theme issue brings together leading researchers from animal neurophysiology, clinical neurology, psychophysics and cognitive neuroscience to summarize the state of the art in the study of visual stability. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the limits of visual stability in humans and in identifying many of the brain circuits involved in maintaining a stable percept of the world. Clinical studies and new experimental methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, now make it possible to test the causal role of different brain regions in creating visual stability and also allow us to measure the consequences when the mechanisms of visual stability break down.

scholarly journals Translation Policies in Legal and Institutional Settings

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Linguistic Justice ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Everyday Interaction ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective

This edited volume documents the state of the art in research on translation policies in both legal and institutional settings. Offering case studies of past and present translation policies from all over the world, it allows for a compelling comparison of attitudes towards translation in varying contexts. It highlights the virtues of integrating different types of expertise in the study of translation policy: theoretical and applied, historical and modern, legal, institutional, and political. It effectively illustrates how a multidisciplinary perspective furthers our understanding of translation policies and unveils their intrinsic link with issues such as multilingualism, linguistic justice, minority rights, and citizenship. In this way, each contribution sheds new light on the role of translation in the everyday interaction between governments and multilingual populations.

scholarly journals Role of Descending Dopaminergic Pathways in Pain Modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsheng Li ◽  
Sufang Liu ◽  
Xihua Lu ◽  
Feng Tao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
The Brain

Pain, especially when chronic, is a common reason patients seek medical care and it affects the quality of life and well-being of the patients. Unfortunately, currently available therapies for chronic pain are often inadequate because the neurobiological basis of such pain is still not fully understood. Although dopamine has been known as a neurotransmitter to mediate reward and motivation, accumulating evidence has shown that dopamine systems in the brain are also involved in the central regulation of chronic pain. Most importantly, descending dopaminergic pathways play an important role in pain modulation. In this review, we discuss dopamine receptors, dopaminergic systems in the brain, and the role of descending dopaminergic pathways in the modulation of different types of pain.

scholarly journals ROLE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN AMENDING THE CHEMICAL DISPARITY OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mugdha Agarwal ◽  
Shriya Agarwal ◽  
Vinayak Agarwal ◽  
Rachana . ◽  
Manisha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

This review summarizes the most common types of psychosomatic disorders including various types of depression based on their evolution, causes, symptoms and severity. The cellular and molecular mechanism behind the same in the areas of the brain, which are most susceptible to damage, both structurally and functionally (amygdala, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus) were keenly looked in to. Further, the therapeutic intervention through antidepressants was also been explored along with its three major categories in which they have been divided, their types, properties and mechanism of actions, especially towards the regulation of neurotransmitters in the brain has been highlighted. The behaviour of neurotransmitters in the presence of particular antidepressants is of grave importance in order to design an effective antidepressant drug, which could beat currently ineffective ones in the market and their potential forms have been studied and described. This review also provides an insight about the different approaches used for diagnosis using different types of biomarkers.

scholarly journals Pro-Tumorigenic Macrophage Infiltration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Possible Macrophage-Aimed Therapeutic Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Bruna ◽  
Pablo Scodeller
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epidermal Growth

In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC), as in other solid tumors, stromal cells strongly support the spread and growth of the tumor. Macrophages in tumors (tumor-associated macrophages or “TAMs”), can swing between a pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic (M1-like TAMs) state or an anti‐inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic (M2-like TAMs) profile depending on the tumor microenvironment cues. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the importance of macrophages in the prognosis of patients with different types of cancer. Here, our aim was to review the role of M2-like TAMs in the prognosis of patients with OSCC and provide a state of the art on strategies for depleting or reprogramming M2-like TAMs as a possible therapeutic solution for OSCC. The Clinical studies reviewed showed that higher density of CD163+ M2-like TAMs associated with worse survival and that CD206+ M2-TAMs are involved in OSCC progression through epidermal growth factor (EGF) secretion, underlining the important role of CD206 as a marker of OSCC progression and as a therapeutic target. Here, we provide the reader with the current tools, in preclinical and clinical stage, for depleting M2-like TAMs, re-educating them towards M1-like TAMs, and exploiting TAMs as drug delivery vectors.

Role of Graph Theory in Computational Neuroscience

2022 ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Hitesh Marwaha ◽  
Anurag Sharma ◽  
Vikrant Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Computational Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vertex Centrality

Neuroscience is the study of the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions. Computational neuroscience is the subfield that deals with the study of the ability of the brain to think and compute. It also analyzes various electrical and chemical signals that take place in the brain to represent and process the information. In this chapter, a special focus will be given on the processing of signals by the brain to solve the problems. In the second section of the chapter, the role of graph theory is discussed to analyze the pattern of neurons. Graph-based analysis reveals meaningful information about the topological architecture of human brain networks. The graph-based analysis also discloses the networks in which most nodes are not neighbors of each other but can be reached from every other node by a small number of steps. In the end, it is concluded that by using the various operations of graph theory, the vertex centrality, betweenness, etc. can be computed to identify the dominant neurons for solving different types of computational problems.

scholarly journals PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE ASPECT OF DHUMNASYA (NASAL INSUFFLATION OF MEDICATED SMOKE)

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (6) ◽  
pp. 3135-3142
Author(s):  
Tanuja Mehta ◽  
Uttam Kumar Sharma ◽  
Bhawana Mittal ◽  
Shikha Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Degradation ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Pass Metabolism ◽  
First Pass ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Slow Absorption ◽  
Pass Metabolism

Background- Panchkarma is a group of procedures known for its preventive, promotive, prophylactic and rejuve- nating properties as well as radicle cure. Nasya is one of the Panchkarma treatments. Among the various forms of Nasya, Dhumnasya is a very effective type of Nasya which has further been classified into different types based on various potency of herbs with their respective properties. Aim and Objective: To find out the role of Dhumnasya in the preventive and curative aspects. Material and Methods: Classics of Ayurveda having references regarding Nasya, Modern literature, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, published books and subject-related material available online have been screened, compiled, organized and described systematically. Result: In Dhumnasya medicinal herbs with other constituents are burnt in such an effective manner to produce a medicated fume contain- ing volatile phytochemical of herbs, which when inhaled through nasal route exerts their efficient role in both pre- vention and treatment of various forms of disease both at a local and systemic level. Conclusion: In this review article, it has been tried to focus on the preventive and curative aspect of Dhumnasya so to help to address issues related to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation and adverse event in the GIT tract and avoid the first-pass metabolism in the liver and discover the advantage of smoke based therapies as rapid delivery to the brain, more efficient pulmonary absorption and become the suitable substitute for the oral and parental administration. Keywords: Panchkarma, Dhumnasya, Nasya, Medicated smoke.

Psycholinguistic Approaches to Morphology: Production

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin V. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

Speech production is an important aspect of linguistic competence. An attempt to understand linguistic morphology without speech production would be incomplete. A central research question develops from this perspective: what is the role of morphology in speech production. Speech production researchers collect many different types of data and much of that data has informed how linguists and psycholinguists characterize the role of linguistic morphology in speech production. Models of speech production play an important role in the investigation of linguistic morphology. These models provide a framework, which allows researchers to explore the role of morphology in speech production. However, models of speech production generally focus on different aspects of the production process. These models are split between phonetic models (which attempt to understand how the brain creates motor commands for uttering and articulating speech) and psycholinguistic models (which attempt to understand the cognitive processes and representation of the production process). Models that merge these two model types, phonetic and psycholinguistic models, have the potential to allow researchers the possibility to make specific predictions about the effects of morphology on speech production. Many studies have explored models of speech production, but the investigation of the role of morphology and how morphological properties may be represented in merged speech production models is limited.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document