Code-Switching as a Reflection of Contact-Induced Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-214
Author(s):  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Theory Of Language

Code-switching is often studied in purely synchronic terms, as recorded speech is analyzed for patterns of language mixing. Though this has yielded numerous useful theoretical advances, it has also shielded the code-switching literature from serious engagement with the phenomenon of language change, even from the subtype of change caused by language contact. There is also the additional practice of limiting the study of code-mixing and code-switching to lexical mixing. On the other side of the fence, meanwhile, discussions of contact-induced language change tend to be limited to morphological and syntactic phenomena. This chapter breaks through this stalemate, and argues that a usage-based approach to language change actually demands integration of these perspectives. Code-switching should be seen as a reflection of lexical change. It is for this reason that a synchronic distinction between loanwords and code-switching makes no sense, since the terms refer to the diachronic and synchronic planes, respectively, of the same phenomenon. In the chapter, the author interprets the code-switching literature from this theoretical viewpoint, and explores what both the literature on code-switching and that on contact-induced change stand to gain from linking their empirical findings to a usage-based theory of language change that allocates proper attention to synchrony and diachrony, and unites lexical and structural change in the same framework.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Actual Production ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Theory Of Language

Analysis of language mixing in the actual production data of bilingual individuals has permitted us to test and overturn many long-standing assumptions about borrowing and code-switching empirically: borrowing is not monolithic but takes many forms in the speech community; it does not originate as code-switching; integration is not gradual but abrupt; speakers tend not to code-switch individual words but to borrow them. This work has also confirmed that code-switching and borrowing are diametrically opposed, not only structurally but from the perspective of the individuals who engage in them. The observable differences between multiword code-switches and lone other-language items, coupled with the overwhelming preponderance of the latter in every bilingual dataset that has been quantitatively analyzed, together demonstrate that any model of language mixing with pretensions to constituting a “unified” theory of language contact phenomena is in fact a theory of lexical borrowing.

scholarly journals THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa M. Furaha ◽  
Eunice Nyamasyo ◽  
Joyce I. Wangia
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The Other ◽  
African Language ◽  
Language Death ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Resultant Effect

When languages come into contact, there is some degree of cultural contact, however limited. As a result, there is bound to be some negative as well as positive language change. Borrowing, bilingualism, code switching, code mixing, pidgins, creoles, language shift and language death are some of the products of language contact. The focus of this paper is linguistic borrowing as a result of contact between two languages: Lubukusu, an African language spoken by the Babukusu, a sub-tribe of the Luhya ethnic group of Bungoma County, Kenya and English, a foreign language in Kenya, first introduced through European explorers, Christian missionaries, traders and the British colonialist and its resultant effect on the borrowing language.

scholarly journals Surface Features of Code-switching in ‘The Nigerian Online Community’ Page on Facebook

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Layo Olaluwoye
Keyword(s):  
Online Community ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Surface Errors ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Theory Of Language

Existing studies on code-switching have mainly been carried out among English/Chinese bilinguals. Studies on English/Yoruba/Pidgin English bilinguals with emphasis on code-mixing and code-switching on the Internet have been grossly insufficient. Therefore, this study reveals the surface features of code-switching among Yoruba/English/Pidgin English bilinguals in the Nigerian Online Community on Facebook. For theoretical framework, we relied on insights from Halliday’s (1994) functional theory of language.  Five types of surface features were identified: simplified lexicon and sentences, non-adherence to the use of tones/diacritics, inconsistencies of spellings and words, unnecessary lengthening of letters, and tolerance of surface errors. The study has revealed the distinctive features of code-switching in the Nigerian Online Community page on Facebook. These linguistic features have thrown more light on the characteristics of the language use on the Facebook forum and how the posters use the codes in their speech repertoire to achieve this

scholarly journals ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE DALAM KOMUNITAS MAHASISWA PERANTAUAN ACEH DI YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cut Irna Liyana
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Humor ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mixed Code ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The aims of this study are to describe and explain the form of code switching and code mixing, to identify the factors of code switching and code mix and to identify the purpose and function of code switching and code mixing in the Acehnese students in Yogyakarta. This is descriptive qualitative research by sociolinguistic approach. The method used in this research is observation method and record technique. The data of this research are the speechs of Acehnese students who are studying in Yogyakarta which contains of code switching and code mixing. Data were identified and classified and then analyzed by existing sociolinguistic theory.The results show that: first, the form of code transfer in Acehnese student communication in Yogyakarta includes the switch of code from Acehnese Language to Indonesian and the switch of code from Indonesian to Aceh; second, the form of mixed code in the form of insertion of words, phrases, and clauses; third, the factors of code switching and code mixing are speakers, participants, third speakers, speech mode and discussion topics; fourth, the purpose and function of code switching and code mixing in the Acehnese students are to familiarize the situation, to make a sense of humor, to look prestigious, to respect the other person and to tell the secret.Key words        : Code Switching, Code Mixing, Sociolinguistic

scholarly journals What Motivates Morphological Copying?

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-407
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Relative Paucity ◽  
Theory Of Language

Based on the papers included in the reviewed volume, this article puts forward a number of questions that are important for the theory of language change under contact. While there exist reliable methodologies to determine whether a given form represents the effect of language contact or not, and a slightly less reliable methodologies to establish whether a given function is a product of language contact, there is a relative paucity of studies discussing the motivation for language change under contact with respect to the functions encoded in the language.

scholarly journals Who changes language? Bilingualism and structural change in Burma and the Reef Islands

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åshild Næss ◽  
Mathias Jenny
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
Reef Islands ◽  
Contact Situation

AbstractIn this paper we discuss two cases of contact-induced language change where lexical and grammatical borrowing appear to have gone in opposite directions: one language has borrowed large amounts of vocabulary from another while at the same time being the source of structural borrowings into the other language. Furthermore, it appears in both cases that the structural borrowing has come about through bilingualism in L1 speakers of the source language, while L1 speakers of the language undergoing the structural change are largely monolingual. We propose that these two unusual factors are not unrelated, but that the latter is the cause of the former: Under circumstances where the numerically much smaller language in a contact situation is the contact language, the L2 speakers' variety, influenced by their L1, may spread into the monolingual community. e lexical borrowing naturally happens from the bilingual speakers' L2 into their L1, resulting in opposite directions of lexical and structural borrowing. Similar processes have been described in cases of language shift, but we show that it may take place even in situations where shift does not occur.

Relatedness as a Factor in Language Contact

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Bowern
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Contact Models ◽  
Theory Of Language

Contact-induced change among related languages has been considered problematic for language reconstruction. In this article, I consider several aspects of the theory of language change and ways in which contact might interact with language relatedness. I show that models of language change which extrapolate dialect-contact models to languages and subgroups are problematic, and fail to take into account the unevenness of degrees of difference between languages across families. That is, diffusability clines that apply to speech communities and dialects do not appear to be in evidence for languages and subgroups. I further show that many claims about relatedness as a factor in language contact are confounded by other factors that are distinct from language relatedness, such as geographical proximity. Claims about effects of language contact appear to reduce to the type of interaction that speakers participate in, rather than structural facts about their languages. I argue that our current toolkit for reconstruction is adequate to identify contact features. Finally, I provide a typology of cases where contact might be expected to be problematic for subgrouping.

scholarly journals PEMILIHAN KODE PADA MAHASISWA RIAU DI YOGYAKARTA: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Juni Mahsusi ◽  
Djatmika Djatmika ◽  
Sri Marmanto
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Arabic And English

This study aims to identify kinds of codes and to uncover the factors that affect the code selection in the interactions among Riau students staying in in Yogyakarta. Sociolinguistic approach is used in this study.  Informants of this study are students from Riau staying in Yogyakarta. This study employed purposive sampling techniques and data were collected using observation, records and interview. The data were analyzed using the communication ethnography techniques adapted from Dell Hymes. The results showed that the first code in the interactions were: Indonesian language, mixing language, Malay language and foreign language, i.e. Arabic and English. The mixing language occurred in terms of code mixing and code switching. The dominant codes are those of Indonesian language and Malay language. Settings, participants, and topics are primary factors why a code is intended to choose.  

scholarly journals Codes of teenage characters and mama in their talks portraying the sociolinguistic features

LEKSIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ajar Pradika Ananta Tur ◽  
Shella Antoro Putri
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Code switching and code mixing have become a trend in teenagers’ communication today. Not only in communicating, code switching and code mixing also influence the author’s style in writing novels. However, recently, it is not easy to define which is code switching or code mixing because the occurrence of the codes is very tight recently. The characters in the novel often do codes at least Indonesian-English. The objectives of this study are to find out the form of codes and the sociolinguistic features of the characters in Refrain novel. This research uses descriptive qualitative design from collecting the data until analyzing them. The result of the analysis yields some forms of codes spoken by the characters in the novel. The forms are sentence, clause, phrases like noun phrase & verb phrase, and words like noun, verb, adjective, & adverb. The other problem indicating their social background reflects the sociolinguistic features of the characters. They are education, family, friendship, and occupation.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PADA NOVEL BADAI MATAHARI ANDALUSIA KARYA HARY EL-PARSIA (Transfer code and mix code in Novels Badai Matahari Andalusia Karya Hary El-Parsia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARZIKO
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Code Combination ◽  
Solar Storm ◽  
Mixed Code ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

AbstractThe language produced by speakers is a reflection of a culture that it adheres to because, incommunication, it certainly has a close relationship with the other person so that the language spoken can bewell understood. A discussion can take place if the style used can be followed so that the message delivered canbe received. This study aims to analyze code-switching and code-mixing in novels Badai Matahari CreationHary El-Parsia. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative carried out by not prioritizing the numbersbut prioritizes the depth of appreciation of the interaction between the concepts being studied imply. The type ofresearch in the literature is. The source and type of data of this research are the data written on novel BadaiMatahari Andalusia. The results of the study showed that in the Solar Storm novel, there were seven quotes fromthe Code and nine quotes from the Code. Code Transfer and Mix The most dominant code is the Transfer ofCode by mixing Indonesian, English, Arabic. In other words, the author Hary El-Parsia in his work uses theTransfer of Code and Mixed Code as the hallmark of his work.Keywords: Code Transfer, Code Combination. Novel. Badai Matahari Andalusia

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