Authoritarianism in Black and White: Testing the Cross-Racial Validity of the Child Rearing Scale

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrén O. Pérez ◽  
Marc J. Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Racial Boundaries ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Measurement Artifact

Using a scale of child rearing preferences, scholars find that African Americans are far more authoritarian than Whites. We argue that this racial gap in authoritarianism is largely a measurement artifact. The child rearing scale now used to measure authoritarianism is cross-racially invalid because it draws heavily on a metaphor about hierarchy. Akin to someone who favors enforcing conformity in a child, the authoritarian is thought to be inclined toward enforcing conformity in social subordinates. In both cases, one's perspective is drawn from a position of relative power. We believe this metaphor is effective among members of a majority racial group becauseindividualdominance at home meshes withgroupdominance in society. For members of a racial minority, we believe this metaphor breaks down. Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we establish that Blacks and Whites construe the child rearing items differently. Consequently, authoritarianism correlates highly with the things it should for Whites, but rarely so for Blacks. Using an illegal immigration experiment, we then show divergent patterns of intolerance based on the same child rearing scale. Our results highlight measurement's role in producing large racial gaps in authoritarianism, while illuminating the racial boundaries of the child rearing scale.

The effects of racial categorization activation: an investigation in soccer academies

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Raphaël Laurin ◽  
Marie-Françoise Lacassagne
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Racial Categorization ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The effects of racial categorization activation: an investigation in soccer academies The aim of this research is to test the effect of racial categorization activation on the sport satisfaction of newcomers' trainees of soccer academies. One hundred and four participants from four French soccer academies were enrolled - two with an unbalanced racial group composition and two with a balanced composition. Results show that in soccer academies with a balanced racial composition, the sports satisfaction of the black trainees remains relatively stable over time and it decreases among the white students, whereas the evolution of the scores for blacks and whites does not differ significantly in the unbalanced racial composition. The impact of the effects of racial categorization on the sport satisfaction of black and white trainees of soccer academies is discussed.

The Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Parental Rearing Measure: EMBU-C

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Deković ◽  
Margreet ten Have ◽  
Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽  
Trees Pels ◽  
Annerieke Oosterwegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Immigrant Adolescents ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Parental Rearing ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis

We examined the cross-cultural equivalence of a widely used instrument that assesses perceived parental rearing, the EMBU-C, among native Dutch and immigrant adolescents living in The Netherlands. The results of a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the EMBU-C, consisting of three latent factors (Warmth, Rejection, and Overprotection), and reliabilities of these scales are similar in both samples. These findings lend further support for the factorial and construct validity of this instrument. The comparison of perceived child rearing between native Dutch and immigrant adolescents showed cultural differences in only one of the assessed dimensions: Immigrant adolescents perceive their parents as more overprotective than do Dutch adolescents.

Factorial Validity and Invariance of an Adolescent Depression Symptom Screening Tool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley S. Long ◽  
JD DeFresse ◽  
Allison K. Bickett ◽  
David E. Price
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Context: Depression is among the most common mental health disorder in youth, results in significant impairment, and is associated with a higher risk of suicide. Screening is essential but assessment tools may not be appropriate across races or do not account for the complex interrelatedness of various demographics including gender, socio-economic status and race. Objectives: (1) To determine the factor structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescent (PHQ-A) for measuring depression in a group of adolescent athletes; and (2) to determine measurement invariance between Blacks and Whites on the PHQ-A. Design: Retrospective cohort design. Setting: Data obtained from a secure database collected at a free, comprehensive, mass pre-participation physical exam (PPE) event hosted by a large health care system. Participants: Participants included 683 high school athletes (Black n=416; White n=267). Independent variables included somatic and affective factors contributing to the construct of depression measured by the PHQ-A and participant race (Black and White). Main Outcome Measures : (1) Factors upon which the construct of depression is measured and (2) measurement invariance between Blacks and Whites. Results: A two-factor model, including affective and somatic components, was specified and exhibited an adequate fit to the data (CFI> .90). All items exhibited moderate to high squared multiple correlation values (R2 = .10–.65), suggesting that these items resonated relatively well with participants. The two-factor model demonstrated noninvariance Black and White participants (RMSEA = .06-.08). Conclusions: Overall, the structure of the PHQ-A is supported by a two-factor model in adolescent athletes, measuring both affective and somatic symptoms of depression. A two factor PHQ-A structure is not fully invariant for the adolescents sampled across participant groups, implying that the model functions differently between Blacks and Whites sampled.

Racial Group Responses to Work and Parent Care

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola M. Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Caregivers ◽  
Formal Services ◽  
Employed Caregivers

Utilizing stress theories, the author compared the experiences of 113 black and white employees who worked full time and cared for frail parents. Findings revealed that both racial groups had similar caregiving demands and similar levels of personal, social, work, mental, and physical strain. Their sources of environmental support varied. Black employed caregivers felt closer to their parents, whereas white employed caregivers received more assistance in the workplace. The parents of the black caregivers received more formal services. Black caregivers had less disposable income and were less likely to be married. Within-group comparisons indicated that work interferences (late arrivals, early departures, unscheduled days off, and excessive personal telephoning) significantly predicted more fragile mental health for whites and more fragile physical health for blacks. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Differential Responses of Resistance Arterioles to Elevated Intraluminal Pressure in Blacks and Whites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sabbahi ◽  
Assem Ellythy ◽  
Chueh-Lung Hwang ◽  
Shane A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Average Blood Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Black Americans have an earlier onset, higher average blood pressure, and higher rates of hypertension-related mortality and morbidity, compared to whites. The racial difference may be related to microvasculature, the major regulatory site of blood pressure. The goal of this study was to compare the response of resistance vessels to high intraluminal pressure between black and white participants. A total of 38 vessels were obtained from human fat samples (21 black, 17 white; mean age 32 ± 12 years and BMI 26.9 ± 4.9; between-group P ≥ 0.05) and included in this study. Internal diameter was measured in response to flow induced by various pressure gradients (Δ10, Δ20, Δ40, Δ60, and Δ100 cmH2O), and flow-induced dilation (FID) was calculated before and after high intraluminal pressure (150 cm H2O). Prior to high intraluminal pressure, FID was not different between blacks and whites (P = 0.112). After exposure to high intraluminal pressure, FID was reduced at every pressure gradient in vessels from blacks (P < 0.001), while FID did not change in white participants except at Δ 100 cmH2O. When incubated with the H2O2 scavenger PEG-catalase, the FID response in vessels from black, but not white, individuals was significantly reduced and the magnitude was higher at normal pressure relative to high pressure. Our findings suggest that vessels from self-identified black individuals are more susceptible to microvascular dysfunction following transient periods of high intraluminal pressure compared to whites and show greater dependence on H2O2 as a main contributor to FID at normal pressures.

Race, Violence, and the City: Chicago’s Black Urbanity in Contemporary American Film and Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
Izabella Kimak ◽  
Zbigniew Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Racial Violence ◽  
First Century ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Native Son ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Strong Resemblance ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
Film And Literature

In this article we look at three recent films–Native Son (2019, dir. Rashid Johnson, based on Richard Wright’s 1940 novel), Widows (2018, dir. Steve McQueen, based on a 1983 TV series), and The Hate U Give (2018, dir. George Tillman Jr., based on a book by Angie Thomas)–by Black directors that showcase the interactions between Blacks and whites in an American urban milieu. We argue that the setting of two of these films–Native Son and Widows–in Chicago, with The Hate U Give being set in a fictional urban setting bearing a strong resemblance to the Windy City, serves to articulate the continuing racial divisions of American cities in the twenty-first century. The three films show that the fossilization of the divide between Black and white districts inevitably leads to outbreaks of racial violence.

Spirituality among African Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Jason E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Spiritual But Not Religious ◽  
Blacks And Whites

This chapter assesses the importance of spirituality among African Americans. More specifically, it examines the extent to which respondents in a large, multiyear national survey view themselves as a “spiritual person.” Four sets of comparative analysis are offered: (1) racial differences among black and white members of various evangelical Protestant traditions, (2) racial differences among black and white members of various mainline Protestant and Catholic traditions, (3) denominational differences specifically among African Americans, and (4) racial differences among blacks and whites who view themselves as “spiritual but not religious.” The findings reveal significant interracial and intraracial differences in how spirituality shapes one’s personal identity. Because organized religion has historically been so central to African American community life, the implications for the growth in noninstitutional spirituality are considered.

Self-Reported Physical Activity and Treadmill Test Performance in Healthy Older Blacks and Whites

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Singleton ◽  
James T. Fitzgerald ◽  
Anne Victoria Neale
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Exercise Habits ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Fitness And Health ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Adults

This study was conducted to determine the exercise habits and fitness status of healthy older black and white adults, ages 50 to 80 years. The 384 subjects were enrolled in a health promotion project conducted by a midwestern medical school. Self-reported exercise levels were higher for men than for women and were higher for whites compared with blacks. Age had the greatest impact on treadmill performance for both sexes. Activity levels declined with age for men but not for women. Self-reported exercise levels were highly predictive of fitness status for men but not for women. The relationship in older adults between activity levels and both measured fitness and health status needs further investigation.

scholarly journals The Role of Care Management as a Population Health Intervention to Address Disparities and Control Hypertension: A Quasi-Experimental Observational Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Hussain ◽  
Whitney Franz ◽  
Emily Brown ◽  
Athena Kan ◽  
Mekam Okoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Care Management ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Program Completion ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Blacks And Whites

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We studied whether care management is a pragmatic solution for improving population blood pressure (BP) control and addressing BP disparities between Blacks and Whites in routine clinical environments. </p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Quasi-experimental, observational study. </p><p><strong>Setting and Participants: </strong>3,964 uncontrolled hypertensive patients receiving primary care within the last year from one of six Baltimore clinics were identified as eligible. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Three in-person sessions over three months with registered dietitians and pharmacists who addressed medication titration, patient adherence to healthy behaviors and medication, and disparities related barriers. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Main Measures: </strong>We assessed the population impact of care management using the RE-AIM framework. To evaluate effectiveness in improving BP, we used unadjusted, adjusted, and propensity-score matched differences-in-differences models to compare those who completed all sessions with partial completers and non-participants. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all eligible patients, 5% participated in care management. Of 629 patients who entered care management, 245 (39%) completed all three sessions. Those completing all sessions on average reached BP control (mean BP 137/78) and experienced 9 mm Hg systolic blood pressure (P&lt;.001) and 4 mm Hg DBP (P=.004) greater improvement than non-participants; findings did not vary in adjusted or propensity-score matched models. Disparities in systolic and diastolic BP between Blacks and Whites were not detectable at completion. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It may be possible to achieve BP control among both Black and White patients who participate in a few sessions of care management. However, the very limited reach and patient challenges with program completion should raise significant caution with relying on care management alone to improve population BP control and eliminate related disparities. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3):285-294; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.285 </p>

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