Direct Seeding of Bottomland Oaks in Oklahoma

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Wittwer
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Water Willow

Abstract Competition control with a broad spectrum herbicide prior to planting and placement of a fertilizer tablet near the seed spot failed to improve establishment or height growth of direct seeded water, willow, or Shumard oaks on a bottomland site in southeastern Oklahoma. The percentage of seed spots stocked with a living seedling exceeded 35%, or 1460 seedlings/ha (590/ac) given the initial spacing of 1 x 2.4 m (3.2 x 8 ft). This success is generally comparable to results obtained in more favorable environments in the Mississippi Valley. The fertilizer treatment, applied as a single fertilizer tablet placed near the seeded spots at the time of seeding, reduced stocking by 12-15% during an especially stressful growing season. Bare-root, 1-0, water/willow oak seedlings planted for comparision exhibited 80-90% survival. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):17-22.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

Growth and Development of Loblolly and Slash Pines Direct-Seeded or Planted on a Cutover Site

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract After 15 years, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted on a cutover site yielded more volume than four of six direct-seeding treatments. Height growth of seeded loblolly responded to site treatment, but method of site preparation had little influence. Regeneration technique did not affect slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.)

Dynamics of CO2 emission from chernozems under agricultural use

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
M. Miroshnychenko ◽  
O. Siabruk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Mineral System

Aim. The comparison of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and various agricultural practices on the emission of CO 2 from chernozems in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The dynamics of the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from chernozem calcic (typical chernozem – in Ukrainian classifi cation) was studied during the growing season of 2011–2012. The observations were based on two fi eld experiments with various methods of soil till- age (6–7 years from the beginning of the experiment) and fertilization systems (21–22 years from the beginning of the experiment). Particularly, plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, cultivation at 6–8 cm and direct seeding using Great Plains drill were studied among the soil tillage methods. Mineral system (N 45 P 50 K 45 ), organic system (manure 8 t/ha) and combined organic-mineral system (manure 8 t/ha + N 45 P 50 K 45 ) were studied among fertilization systems. The intensity of CO 2 fl ux was determined using the non-stationary respiratory chambers by the alkaline absorption method, with averaging of the results during the day and the frequency of once a month. Results. During the warm period, the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil changes dynamically depending on temperature and humidity. The maximum of emission coincides with the periods of warm summer showers in June-July, the minimum values are characteristic for the late autumn period. The total emission losses of carbon in chernozems over the vegetation period ranged from 480 to 910 kg/ha and varied depending on the methods of tillage ± (4.0–6.0) % and fertilization systems ± (3.8–7.1) %. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different methods of soil tillage are associated with hydrothermal regime and the depth of crop residues location. The biggest difference is observed im- mediately after tillage, but in the spring period the differences are only 12–25 %, and after drying of the top layer of soil become even less. Direct seeding technology provides the greatest emission of CO 2 from chernozem, which is fa- cilitated by better water regime and more complete mineralization of plant residues on the soil surface. Annual losses of carbon are the least under disking of soil at 10–12 cm. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different fertilization systems are associated with the involvement of the additional organic matter from plant residues and manure to the microbiological decomposition. The greatest emission was observed under the organic- mineral fertilization system, which increased the loss of carbon by 7–8 % in comparison with the mineral system in the unfavorable hydrothermal year and by 11–15 % in the more favorable year. These differences are observed mainly during the fi rst half of the growing season when there is a clear tendency to increase the intensity of soil respiration. Conclusions. The hydrothermal conditions of the warm period of the year are decisive in the formation of the CO 2 emission fl ow from chernozems. Due to the improvement of agricultural practices, emissions might be reduced but not more that by 15 % of natural factor contribution.

The effects of summer shoot production on height growth components of seedlings of California red and white fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Needle Primordia

Morphogenesis of the terminal shoot was studied in 2-year-old seedlings of California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). Seedlings were either watered or left unwatered during the growing season in order to produce different shoot morphologies and seedlings with and without a summer shoot. Under favorable soil moisture, the frequency of summer shoot production was 32, 53, and 82% for red fir and high- and low-elevation white fir, respectively. Drought from mid-May to mid-September reduced summer shoot production to less than 1% in both species. Spring shoot morphology was not an indicator of capacity to produce a summer shoot. Rate of primordium production was directly related to apical dome diameter. However, when the normal spring increase in apical dome diameter was arrested by summer shoot elongation, the rate of primordium production appeared to be unaffected. Although the apical and subapical meristems were active at the same time, they did not appear to be antagonistic. The major effects of producing a summer shoot were as follows: (i) elongation of 60–120% more intemodes in the current growing season, (ii) production of 15–40% more needle primordia in the overwintering bud, (iii) production of 30–60% more primordia annually, and (iv) increase in the percentage of total primordium production that developed into needles from 60% to 75–80%.

Opener, packer wheel and packing force effects on crop emergence and yield of direct seeded wheat, canola and field peas

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
G. L. Hnatowich ◽  
G. E. Hultgreen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Furrow Opener ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Moisture Conditions

An understanding of the effects of different opener designs and on-row packing force would help producers in their selection of appropriate direct seeding implement options for their soil conditions. A field trial was conducted at three locations (Indian Head, Sylvania and Watrous) in Saskatchewan from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate the effect of opener-packer design (spoon-steel V packer; spoon-flat rubber packer; paired row-steel V packer; paired row-flat rubber packer; sweep-pneumatic tire) in combination with a range of on-row packing forces [0, 333, 549, 746, and 1000 Newton (N) per press wheel] on crop emergence and grain yield with direct seeding. The differences observed between opener-packer combinations in this study varied by less than 10% for grain yield, and were almost always associated with the opener design and not the packer type. Despite the variable results, there was a tendency for higher pea and wheat emergence with the sweep + tire compared with other opener types at those locations that tended to be drier in the spring. Also, grain yield tended to be greater for the sweep + tire in 1999 at Indian Head, when the heavy-textured soil at this site had high soil moisture conditions at seeding. The responses to packing force varied with different years and among the crops. Generally, 333 N per press wheel provided adequate emergence and grain yield across the environmental conditions encountered in this study, regardless of the opener-packer combination. In 1997, 5% more pea seedlings emerged with some amount of packing compared with no packing. Relative to the check, some packing resulted in wheat grain yield that was 13% greater at three of the location-by-year combinations, and wheat emergence that was 9% greater in 1998. However, with canola excessive packing force (i.e., the two highest vs. lower packing forces) resulted in 11 fewer seedlings m-2 in 1999. A packing pressure of 333 N per press wheel provided adequate emergence and grain yield across varied environmental conditions, with higher packing force only negatively influencing emergence in canola, and not yield. Key words: Furrow opener, packing force, emergence, direct seeding, zero till

Performance of Northern Red Oak Planting Stock

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Zaczek ◽  
Kim C. Steiner ◽  
Todd W. Bowersox
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract Northern red oak planting trials were established in three clearcuts in Pennsylvania to evaluate field performance in relation to type of planting stock (1-0, 2-0, 1-1, 2-1, containerized direct-seeded) and other treatments (undercutting in the nursery, top-clipping at planting time, hormone treatment of roots). All treatments were planted simultaneously, and most employed the same genetic material. After 3 yr in the field, seedlings that had been grown for 2 yr in 7.9-1 pots were tallest and had the best survival, but this stock was expensive to produce and difficult to plant. The 2-0 bareroot stock performed best among remaining treatments, especially if the seedlings had been undercut in the nursery. Undercutting was not beneficial to the performance of 1-0 seedlings. Top-clipping and a hormone treatment had little effect on performance. Seedlings from direct-seeding were as tall as those from 1-0 stock. The advantage of 2-0 stock over 1-0 stock was partly, but not entirely, attributable to its larger size. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3):105-111.

Early Results of a White Ash Provenance Test in Central Alabama

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Duba ◽  
J. F. Goggans ◽  
K. E. Clausen ◽  
R. M. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
National Forest ◽  
White Ash ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Survival

Abstract A provenance test of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seedlings was established during January 1976 in the Tuskegee National Forest in Alabama. The seedlings were representative of the southern portion of the species' range. At the end of the third growing season, family survival ranged from 84 to 100 percent. Overall survival averaged 97 percent. Provenances and families within provenances differed in height after two and three years in the field. The family component of variation is increasing in proportion with age. The southernmost origins of East Baton Rouge, Louisiana (3.26 m) and Hardin, Texas (2.98 m) had the tallest average heights. The East Baton Rouge and Hardin sources are assumed to be tetraploid (2N = 92). There seems to be both a north-south relationship and a ploidy-level relationship to the height-growth pattern. Seedlings from the southernmost sources should perform satisfactorily in south and central Alabama.

Nursery Fertilization and Top Pruning of Slash Pine Seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Duryea
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Top pruning, growing-season fertilization, and fall fertilization were investigated in a Florida nursery to determine the effects on crop yield, morphology, nutrition, and field performance. Top pruning improved crop yield by reducing the number of cull seedlings. Top-pruned seedlings were smaller in diameter, height, and weight and had an increased number of multiple tops. In the field, top-pruned seedlings had the same survival and height growth, and after 3 years the percentage with multiple tops was the same as nonpruned seedlings. From these results, top pruning seems to be a nondetrimental practice for controlling height and producing a uniform crop in the nursery. Reducing growing-season fertilization slightly decreased shoot height, but not as much as top pruning. Also, these seedlings had reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and content and grew less after 1 year in the field indicating that cutting back on N in the nursery may not be a beneficial way to control height. Fall fertilization in the nursery increased N in seedlings but did not affect growth or survival in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):73-76.

Planting stock type and seasonality of simulated browsing affect regeneration establishment of Quercus rubra

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip O. Woolery ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Simulated Browsing

Animal herbivory is a major limiting factor to successful oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration. Although bare-root seedlings are the most commonly used nursery stock type for oak plantings in the eastern United States, container seedlings may better resist planting stress and help enable seedlings to overcome browsing pressure. Four stock types (1 + 0 bare-root seedlings and seedlings in 164, 336, and 520 mL containers) of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were planted on two reforestation sites in Indiana, USA, which were fenced to exclude white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman). Seedlings were then subjected to three simulated browsing treatments (control unclipped, dormant clipped, and summer clipped). Container seedlings exhibited higher relative growth rates on both sites; for example, at one site, control seedlings in 336 mL containers had relative height growth of 558% compared with 79% for bare-root control seedlings. On both sites, summer-browsed seedlings of all stock types had negligible height growth, and summer browsing reduced survival at one site by 23% for all stock types compared with control seedlings. Browsing of seedlings during the dormant period did not affect growth for any stock type. Container seedlings may help facilitate rapid establishment of planted oak seedlings, but browse protection is necessary to ensure oak regeneration success in areas of large populations of deer.

Relationship between first-season free growth components and later field height growth in maritime pine (Pinuspinaster)

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Kremer ◽  
Li-An Xu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Accelerate Growth

Pinuspinaster Ait. seedlings from 15 families were grown under conditions designed to accelerate growth for 21 weeks in their first season. Fifteen height growth components were assessed and compared with total height, height growth pattern, and height growth components of trees of the same families grown for 6 years on a sandy moorland site. Growth-accelerating conditions induced the formation of typical adult-like apical buds. Principal components analysis on the weekly height increments during the first growing season showed that 76% of the overall between-family variation could be attributed to the first two components. Families that were extremely poly cyclic and monocyclic in the field were separated on the graph of the two principal components. Among the 15 growth components assessed during the first growing season, 3 showed a significant correlation with total height at 6 years of age: mean stem unit length, asymptotic total height value of the Richards growth function, and the first principal component, i.e., height growth rates during the early stages of development. Mean stem unit length was the component that showed the highest stability between the first and the fifth growing seasons. Between 30 and 72% of the variation of total height (38–64% of the variation of secondary shoot length) at age 6 could be predicted by multiple regression, with a combination of two or three components assessed in the first season.

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