scholarly journals Efficiency of graft-transmitted JcFT for floral induction in woody perennial species of the Jatropha genus depends on transport distance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyong Tang ◽  
Xue Bai ◽  
Jingxian Wang ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Suc2 Promoter

Abstract Flowering Locus T (FT) promotes flowering by integrating six genetic pathways. In Arabidopsis, the FT protein is transported from leaves to shoot apices and induces flowering. However, contradictory conclusions about floral induction via graft-transmitted FT in trees were reported in previous studies. We obtained extremely early-flowering transgenic woody Jatropha curcas by overexpression of J. curcas FT using Arabidopsis thaliana SUC2 promoter (SUC2:JcFT) and non-flowering transgenic J. curcas by RNA interference (RNAi), which were used to investigate the function of graft-transmitted JcFT in floral induction in woody perennials. Scions from five wild-type species of the Jatropha genus and from JcFT-RNAi transgenic J. curcas were grafted onto SUC2:JcFT rootstocks. Most grafted plants produced flowers in 1–2 months, and the flowering percentage and frequency of various grafted plants decreased with increasing scion length. Consistently, FT protein abundance in scions also decreased with increasing distance from graft junctions to the buds. These findings suggest that FT proteins can be transmitted by grafting and can induce the floral transition in woody perennials, and the efficiency of graft-transmitted JcFT for floral induction depends on the scion length, which may help explain previous seemingly contradictory observations regarding floral induction via graft-transmitted FT in trees.

scholarly journals FT-like proteins induce transposon silencing in the shoot apex during floral induction in rice

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. E901-E910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shojiro Tamaki ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsuji ◽  
Ayana Matsumoto ◽  
Akiko Fujita ◽  
Zenpei Shimatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Reproductive Shoot ◽  
Transposon Silencing ◽  
Crucial Information

Floral induction is a crucial developmental step in higher plants. Florigen, a mobile floral activator that is synthesized in the leaf and transported to the shoot apex, was recently identified as a protein encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its orthologs; the rice florigen is Heading date 3a (Hd3a) protein. The 14-3-3 proteins mediate the interaction of Hd3a with the transcription factor OsFD1 to form a ternary structure called the florigen activation complex on the promoter of OsMADS15, a rice APETALA1 ortholog. However, crucial information, including the spatiotemporal overlap among FT-like proteins and the components of florigen activation complex and downstream genes, remains unclear. Here, we confirm that Hd3a coexists, in the same regions of the rice shoot apex, with the other components of the florigen activation complex and its transcriptional targets. Unexpectedly, however, RNA-sequencing analysis of shoot apex from wild-type and RNA-interference plants depleted of florigen activity revealed that 4,379 transposable elements (TEs; 58% of all classifiable rice TEs) were expressed collectively in the vegetative and reproductive shoot apex. Furthermore, in the reproductive shoot apex, 214 TEs were silenced by florigen. Our results suggest a link between floral induction and regulation of TEs.

Identification of Arabidopsis stay-green mutants with a functional ethylene-response pathway

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
R. Shirzadian-Khorramabad ◽  
H.C. Jing ◽  
J. Hille ◽  
P.P. Dijkwel
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Determinant Factor

Natural or harvest-induced senescence is a major determinant factor causing crop losses. The plant hormone ethylene is a strong inducer of senescence and decreasing the ethylene response can reduce senescence, albeit often with undesirable pleiotropic effects. We took advantage of ethylene-induced leaf senescence as a tool to screen for late senescence Arabidopsis mutants that still have a functional ethylenesignalling pathway. Sixteen Arabidopsis onset of leaf death (old) mutants were selected that stayed green after treatment with ethylene. While all the mutants responded to ethylene in a triple response assay, ten mutants responded to the treatment in the same way as the wild type. These ten mutants showed limited pleiotropic effects when grown under standard growth conditions but nine mutants flowered slightly later than the wild type. Genetic characterisation of a subset of the mutants identified several independent loci controlling the leaf senescence process. The approach resulted in the isolation of several stay-green mutants with a functional ethylene response pathway. The late senescence mutants show extended leaf longevity and further research may advance the field of pre- or post-harvest senescence technology. The results, moreover, suggest that there is a correlation between senescence and floral induction. Keywords: Senescence, Arabidopsis, ethylene, mutant, shelf life

scholarly journals Effect of Media Containing Processed Fiber, Fertilization, and Fumigation on Appearance and Growth in Containerized Woody Perennial Plants

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 658c-658
Author(s):  
Sanliang Gu ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Victor Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
The Media ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Applicability of processed fiber (methane digested cow manure) as a substitute for peatmoss for production of various containerized perennial woody plant species with various fertilization and fumigation practices was investigated in this study. Liner plants of five species and rooted cuttings of 41 species were potted in various media containing processed fiber as the replacement of peatmoss with or without fertilization and fumigation, with commercial mix as control. Plants varied in their responses to the media, fertilization, and/or fumigation. Most plant species performed well in the media containing processed fiber. The physical and chemical properties of processed fiber, either alone or mixed with other media components, were satisfactory for producing woody perennial species even with less fertilization and no fumigation.

scholarly journals Functional divergence between soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologues FT2a and FT5a in post-flowering stem growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (15) ◽  
pp. 3941-3953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoma Takeshima ◽  
Haiyang Nan ◽  
Kohei Harigai ◽  
Lidong Dong ◽  
Jianghui Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Bzip Protein ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Flowering Stem ◽  
Flowering Locus

Abstract Genes in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) family integrate external and internal signals to control various aspects of plant development. In soybean (Glycine max), FT2a and FT5a play a major role in floral induction, but their roles in post-flowering reproductive development remain undetermined. Ectopic overexpression analyses revealed that FT2a and FT5a similarly induced flowering, but FT5a was markedly more effective than FT2a for the post-flowering termination of stem growth. The down-regulation of Dt1, a soybean orthologue of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1, in shoot apices in early growing stages of FT5a-overexpressing plants was concomitant with highly up-regulated expression of APETALA1 orthologues. The Dt2 gene, a repressor of Dt1, was up-regulated similarly by the overexpression of FT2a and FT5a, suggesting that it was not involved in the control of stem termination by FT5a. In addition to the previously reported interaction with FDL19, a homologue of the Arabidopsis bZIP protein FD, both FT2a and FT5a interacted with FDL12, but only FT5a interacted with FDL06. Our results suggest that FT2a and FT5a have different functions in the control of post-flowering stem growth. A specific interaction of FT5a with FDL06 may play a key role in determining post-flowering stem growth in soybean.

scholarly journals Rootstock Affects Floral Induction in Citrus Engaging the Expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (CiFT)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Stefania Bennici ◽  
Giuseppina Las Casas ◽  
Gaetano Distefano ◽  
Alessandra Gentile ◽  
Giuseppe Lana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inductive Period ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

In Citrus, flower induction represents the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. The regulation of flower induction is mainly triggered by exposure to low temperatures and water-deficit stress, which activates the signaling cascade leading to an increased expression of the citrus orthologs of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (CiFT). In this study, the relationship between rootstock and flower induction under Mediterranean field conditions was investigated by monitoring the expression levels of the floral promoter CiFT2 in leaves of the pigmented sweet orange “Tarocco Scirè” grafted onto “C35” citrange and “Swingle” citrumelo rootstocks. The latter two are known to confer, respectively, high and low yield efficiency to the scion. In both rootstock/scion combinations, CiFT2 showed a seasonal expression with a peak during the inductive period in January triggered by cold temperature. The “Tarocco Scirè”/”C35” citrange combination showed the highest expression levels for CiFT2; this increased expression was correlated with yield and a higher number of flowers in the following spring, suggesting a significant effect of rootstocks on flower induction mediated by the overexpression of the CiFT2 gene.

An Insertional Mutagenesis Screen for Genes That Cooperate with Mll-AF9 in Leukemogenesis.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 3962-3962
Author(s):  
Rachel Joy Bergerson ◽  
Lara S Collier ◽  
Sanne Lugthart ◽  
Raha Allaei ◽  
Molly J Nixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Insertion Sites ◽  
Murine Leukemia

Abstract Abstract 3962 Poster Board III-898 By altering the activity of specific transcription complexes, the MLL-AF9 fusion oncogene can initiate the process of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development. However, all the genetic pathways that can cooperate with MLL-AF9 expression to cause full-blown AML are unknown. These pathways will provide therapeutic targets for MLL-AF9-associated AML. Mice with constitutive expression of the Mll-AF9 fusion oncoprotein under the control of the endogenous promoter develop AML but only after a prolonged latency. This model thus provides a system for understanding the evolution of AML initiated by an MLL fusion oncoprotein. We hypothesized that infection with a recombinant Murine Leukemia Virus, abbreviated M4070, could cooperate with MLL-AF9 expression to accelerate the onset of leukemia by causing the secondary mutations required for cancer progression. We bred Mll-AF9 heterozygous males to wild type females, and the offspring were injected at three days of age with M4070 virus (n=211) or were mock infected (n=68). All mice were genotyped and observed for disease progression. Virally infected Mll-AF9/+ mice succumb to disease with a significantly reduced latency period when compared to virally infected wild type (WT) mice (p < .0001) and uninfected Mll-AF9/+ mice (p < .0001), indicating that M4070 infection causes significant leukemia acceleration in these mice. Histopathology, immunohistochemical staining, analysis of the surface immunophenotype by flow cytometry, and Southern blot analysis of T and B cell receptor rearrangement indicated that infected Mll-AF9/+ animals developed primarily myeloid leukemia (myeloperoxidase positive, Mac1 or Mac1/Gr1 positive, CD3 negative) while infected WT animals developed mostly lymphoid leukemia (CD3 positive, CD4 and/or CD8 positive, myeloperoxidase negative). Retroviral insertion sites were cloned from 167 leukemic tissues from the accelerated leukemia mice using two different restriction enzymes in a shotgun-based, linker-mediated, cloning protocol to identify the genes most frequently mutated in Mll-AF9 positive leukemia. More than 4,100 independent insertions were isolated and 101 common insertion sites (CIS), defined as genomic locations with several proviral insertions from at least 3 mice, were identified. The majority of the CIS harbored proviral insertions in both Mll-AF9/+ and wild type mice, but a subset of CIS were found in only one group or the other. Some of the genes closest to the CIS have been identified as target genes in other proviral screens and some are known cancer genes. We studied a subset of the CIS-associated genes for aberrant expression in leukemic tissues. There was elevated expression of Mn1, and a trend towards increased expression of Bcl11a and Fosb, in our Mll-AF9 murine leukemia samples with proviral insertions nearby these genes. Moreover, elevated expression of MN1, FOSB, and BCL11A has been observed in microarray studies of human patients with AML. We have completed a bone marrow transduction/transplantation experiment to seek functional evidence of cooperation with Mll-AF9. Mice transplanted with Mll-AF9/+ bone marrow that had been transduced with a retrovirus encoding the candidate gene MN1 succumb to myeloid malignancy faster than mice transplanted with wild type bone marrow transduced with MN1, or Mll-AF9/+ bone marrow transduced with a retrovirus encoding just the Green Fluorescent Protein gene. This data suggests that MN1 can cooperate with Mll-AF9 to accelerate myeloid leukemia in a mouse model. We are currently using shRNA knockdown strategies in human cell lines to confirm cooperation of more candidate genes with MLL-AF9 in AML development. Thus, CIS-associated genes from leukemias accelerated by M4070 in Mll-AF9/+ mice may help define important genetic pathways that are altered during progression of AML induced by MLL fusion oncogenes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Angiotensin II acts through the angiotensin 1a receptor to upregulate pendrin

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (6) ◽  
pp. F1314-F1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill W. Verlander ◽  
Seongun Hong ◽  
Vladimir Pech ◽  
James L. Bailey ◽  
Diana Agazatian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Angiotensin Receptors ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Induced Hypertension

Pendrin is an anion exchanger expressed in the apical regions of B and non-A, non-B intercalated cells. Since angiotensin II increases pendrin-mediated Cl− absorption in vitro, we asked whether angiotensin II increases pendrin expression in vivo and whether angiotensin-induced hypertension is pendrin dependent. While blood pressure was similar in pendrin null and wild-type mice under basal conditions, following 2 wk of angiotensin II administration blood pressure was 31 mmHg lower in pendrin null than in wild-type mice. Thus pendrin null mice have a blunted pressor response to angiotensin II. Further experiments explored the effect of angiotensin on pendrin expression. Angiotensin II administration shifted pendrin label from the subapical space to the apical plasma membrane, independent of aldosterone. To explore the role of the angiotensin receptors in this response, pendrin abundance and subcellular distribution were examined in wild-type, angiotensin type 1a (Agtr1a) and type 2 receptor (Agtr2) null mice given 7 days of a NaCl-restricted diet (< 0.02% NaCl). Some mice received an Agtr1 inhibitor (candesartan) or vehicle. Both Agtr1a gene ablation and Agtr1 inhibitors shifted pendrin label from the apical plasma membrane to the subapical space, independent of the Agtr2 or nitric oxide (NO). However, Agtr1 ablation reduced pendrin protein abundance through the Agtr2 and NO. Thus angiotensin II-induced hypertension is pendrin dependent. Angiotensin II acts through the Agtr1a to shift pendrin from the subapical space to the apical plasma membrane. This Agtr1 action may be blunted by the Agtr2, which acts through NO to reduce pendrin protein abundance.

scholarly journals Transposition and duplication of MADS-domain transcription factor genes in annual and perennial Arabis species modulates flowering

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2109204118
Author(s):  
Eva Madrid ◽  
Edouard Severing ◽  
Elisa de Ansorena ◽  
Christiane Kiefer ◽  
Luise Brand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Recombination Mapping ◽  
Brassicaceae Species ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Arabis Alpina

The timing of reproduction is an adaptive trait in many organisms. In plants, the timing, duration, and intensity of flowering differ between annual and perennial species. To identify interspecies variation in these traits, we studied introgression lines derived from hybridization of annual and perennial species, Arabis montbretiana and Arabis alpina, respectively. Recombination mapping identified two tandem A. montbretiana genes encoding MADS-domain transcription factors that confer extreme late flowering on A. alpina. These genes are related to the MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) cluster of floral repressors of other Brassicaceae species and were named A. montbretiana (Am) MAF-RELATED (MAR) genes. AmMAR1 but not AmMAR2 prevented floral induction at the shoot apex of A. alpina, strongly enhancing the effect of the MAF cluster, and MAR1 is absent from the genomes of all A. alpina accessions analyzed. Exposure of plants to cold (vernalization) represses AmMAR1 transcription and overcomes its inhibition of flowering. Assembly of the tandem arrays of MAR and MAF genes of six A. alpina accessions and three related species using PacBio long-sequence reads demonstrated that the MARs arose within the Arabis genus by interchromosomal transposition of a MAF1-like gene followed by tandem duplication. Time-resolved comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) suggested that AmMAR1 may be retained in A. montbretiana to enhance the effect of the AmMAF cluster and extend the duration of vernalization required for flowering. Our results demonstrate that MAF genes transposed independently in different Brassicaceae lineages and suggest that they were retained to modulate adaptive flowering responses that differ even among closely related species.

scholarly journals Environmental Enrichment Rescues Social Behavioral Deficits and Synaptic Abnormalities in Pten Haploinsufficient Mice

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Amy E. Clipperton-Allen ◽  
Angela Zhang ◽  
Ori S. Cohen ◽  
Damon Theron Page
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Synaptic Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Neuronal Connectivity ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Adult Mice

Pten germline haploinsufficient (Pten+/−) mice, which model macrocephaly/autism syndrome, show social and repetitive behavior deficits, early brain overgrowth, and cortical–subcortical hyperconnectivity. Previous work indicated that altered neuronal connectivity may be a substrate for behavioral deficits. We hypothesized that exposing Pten+/− mice to environmental enrichment after brain overgrowth has occurred may facilitate adaptation to abnormal “hard-wired” connectivity through enhancing synaptic plasticity. Thus, we reared Pten+/− mice and their wild-type littermates from weaning under either standard (4–5 mice per standard-sized cage, containing only bedding and nestlet) or enriched (9–10 mice per large-sized cage, containing objects for exploration and a running wheel, plus bedding and nestlet) conditions. Adult mice were tested on social and non-social assays in which Pten+/− mice display deficits. Environmental enrichment rescued sex-specific deficits in social behavior in Pten+/− mice and partially rescued increased repetitive behavior in Pten+/− males. We found that Pten+/− mice show increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory pre-synaptic proteins; this phenotype was also rescued by environmental enrichment. Together, our results indicate that environmental enrichment can rescue social behavioral deficits in Pten+/− mice, possibly through normalizing the excitatory synaptic protein abundance.

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