scholarly journals Root diameter variations explained by anatomy and phylogeny of 50 tropical and temperate tree species

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gu ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
X. Dong ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
Z. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Diameter

Estimation of coarse root biomass and nutrient content for sugar maple, jack pine, and black spruce using stem diameter at breast height

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Claude Camiré ◽  
Marcel Brazeau ◽  
Jean-David Moore
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Breast Height

Estimates of belowground biomass and mineralomass are fundamental to understanding carbon and element cycling in forest ecosystems. At two sites, we measured coarse root (diameter ≥2 mm) biomass by diameter class and their mineralomass for sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees to relate them to stem diameter at breast height (DBH). All regressions describing coarse root biomass and nutrient content as a function of stem DBH were highly significant (r2 ≥ 0.89, P < 0.001). Root mineral element (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) concentrations varied with tree species and root diameter class. Sugar maple roots had higher N, P, and S concentrations than the other two tree species. Black spruce had higher root Ca concentrations. Element concentrations increased consistently with the reduction of root diameter for the three studied species. We also found that the horizontal root extent of sugar maple was related to tree DBH. In conjunction with other studies, the relationship suggests that this tree species could tolerate a 10%–20% root loss but not losses ≥28%–34%; otherwise, sugar maple health and vigour would be compromised in the short term.

scholarly journals The Right-Skewed Distribution of Fine-Root Size in Three Temperate Forests in Northeastern China

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunguo Wang ◽  
Ivano Brunner ◽  
Junni Wang ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Zhenzhen Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Root Number ◽  
First Order ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
Root Size

Trees can build fine-root systems with high variation in root size (e.g., fine-root diameter) and root number (e.g., branching pattern) to optimize belowground resource acquisition in forest ecosystems. Compared with leaves, which are visible above ground, information about the distribution and inequality of fine-root size and about key associations between fine-root size and number is still limited. We collected 27,573 first-order fine-roots growing out of 3,848 second-order fine-roots, covering 51 tree species in three temperate forests (Changbai Mountain, CBS; Xianrendong, XRD; and Maoershan, MES) in Northeastern China. We investigated the distribution and inequality of fine-root length, diameter and area (fine-root size), and their trade-off with fine-root branching intensity and ratio (fine-root number). Our results showed a strong right-skewed distribution in first-order fine-root size across various tree species. Unimodal frequency distributions were observed in all three of the sampled forests for first-order fine-root length and area and in CBS and XRD for first-order fine-root diameter, whereas a marked bimodal frequency distribution of first-order fine-root diameter appeared in MES. Moreover, XRD had the highest and MES had the lowest inequality values (Gini coefficients) in first-order fine-root diameter. First-order fine-root size showed a consistently linear decline with increasing root number. Our findings suggest a common right-skewed distribution with unimodality or bimodality of fine-root size and a generalized trade-off between fine-root size and number across the temperate tree species. Our results will greatly improve our thorough understanding of the belowground resource acquisition strategies of temperate trees and forests.

Root strength comparison between early and late successional trees in a subtropical forest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cang-Wei Chen ◽  
Guo-Zhang M. Song ◽  
Li-Wan Chang ◽  
Chien-Jui Ko ◽  
Hsin-Tien Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Survival Function ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Root Strength ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Central Taiwan

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Slope stability of forested areas is often determined by tree root strength. After landslides, the early successional species emerged first, followed by the late successional species. This study aimed to examine whether tree root strength varies as tree species change along with the succession sequence. The study site is in the Lienhuachi Experimental Forest in central Taiwan, where multiple landslides happened in 2008. Three dominant early (Mallotus paniculatus, Sapium discolor, and Schefflera octophylla) and three late successional species (Cryptocarya chinensis, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, and Randia cochinchinensis) were sampled to conduct the single-root-pull-out tests in the field. Root strength which varies with root diameters was estimated with the Root Bundle Model with the root-failure Weibull survival function (RBMw). Results showed that the overall root strength of the early successional tree species were higher than that of late successional species only when root diameter was lower than 5.44 mm. However, among the six species, the root strength of Sapium discolor, an early successional species, was highest and the species with the lowest root strength was a late successional species (Engelhardtia roxburghiana). To precisely estimate tree effects on slope stability, our results highlighted the need to collect root strength data specifically for each species, even though it will be a daunting task for areas rich in tree diversity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keyword: landslide, Root Bundle Model, vegetation succession &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Correlation of Leaf and Root Traits of Two Angiosperm Tree Species in Northeast China under Contrasting Light and Nitrogen Availabilities

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Attaullah Khan ◽  
Nowsherwan Zarif ◽  
Lixue Yang ◽  
Brent Clothier ◽  
Boris Rewald
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Leaf Mass

Light and nitrogen availability are among the most important environmental factors influencing leaf and root morphological traits and forest ecosystems. Understanding the variation in leaf and root traits is pivotal to the adaptive plasticity and leaf-root-specific traits in response to low light and N availability. The effects of light and N availability on leaf and root traits and their interrelations are still not clear. We aimed to measure the response of leaf and root traits and their interrelations to light and N availability in a temperate region. Thus, a factorial experiment was conducted with two angiosperm tree species under two light (L+, L−) and two nitrogen (N−, N+) levels. Results showed that the leaf density (LD) and leaf mass per area (LMA) increased, while leaf thickness (LT) decreased under low light availability. Under N availability, the LD and LMA decreased, while LT increased in sun-exposed plots and remained stable under low light availability across two species. The root diameter, root length, specific root length (SRL), and specific root area (SRA) decreased, while the root tissue density (TD) increased under low light availability. Root diameter, root length, SRA, and SRL increased, while the TD decreased under N+ in L+ plots and remained stable under L− plots. LMA and LT were significantly positively correlated to root length and SRL while significantly negatively correlated to TD. However, LD was significantly positively correlated to TD. We observed that low light availability has significantly decreased the plant biomass and root mass fraction (RMF) and increased the leaf mass fraction (LMF), while the stem mass fraction (SMF) remained stable―indicating the shade in-tolerances in both species. Correlation analyses revealed that LMF is generally, and particularly under L− conditions, less related to leaf and root morphological traits, while RMF was frequently positively correlated to both leave and root traits under all environmental conditions. This illustrates a divergent regulation of morphological traits above and below ground under varying biomass allocation patterns.

Effects of root diameter and root nitrogen concentration on in situ root respiration among different seasons and tree species

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dima Chen ◽  
Lixia Zhou ◽  
Xingquan Rao ◽  
Yongbiao Lin ◽  
Shenglei Fu
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Root Nitrogen

scholarly journals Exploring the variability in elastic properties of roots in Alpine tree species

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 338-356
Author(s):  
Alessio Cislaghi
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Soil Reinforcement

Quantifying the soil reinforcement provided by roots is essential for assessing the contribution of forests to reducing shallow landslide susceptibility. Many soil-root models were developed in the literature: from standard single root model to fibre bundle model. The input parameters of all models are the geometry of roots (diameter and length) and the biomechanical properties (maximum tensile force and elastic modulus). This study aims to investigate the elastic properties estimated by the stress-strain curves measured during tensile tests. A standard procedure detected two different moduli of elasticity: one due to the root tortuosity, and the other due to the woody fibres of roots. Based on a large dataset of tensile tests on different Alpine tree species, the relationships between elastic modulus and root diameter was estimated for each series. Further, the interspecific and intraspecific variability in such relationships was investigated by a statistical analysis. The results showed more intraspecific differences in the elastic modulus vs. root diameter relationships compared to the interspecific ones. This outcome could be an important criterion of discrimination to explain the variability of the elastic properties and to provide representative biomechanical properties for specific environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Assessment of Root System Development among Four Ornamental Tree Species through Time via X-ray Computed Tomography

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn L. Bauerle ◽  
Michela Centinari
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Root System ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Space Occupation

Tree root systems are inherently dynamic in their distribution within a soil volume. Analysis of tree root system space occupation through time can improve not only our implicit understanding of a virtually hidden portion of a plant, but influence future management decisions through a more thorough understanding of root placement within a soil volume. We compared root standing crop populations of four ornamental tree species including Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’ (Acer), Carpinus betula L. ‘Columnaris’ (Carpinus), Gleditsia tricanthos L. var. inermis ‘Skycole’ (Gleditsia), and Quercus rubra L. ‘Rubrum’ (Quercus) grown in a nursery mix substrate within large 57-L containers using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) approach through time. Individual root identification was performed manually on two-dimensional slices of CT scans. Our data show high variation in species total root number through time with Carpinus exhibiting the largest root population throughout the study period. However, species exhibited differences in root distribution patterns as exemplified by the shallow and horizontally more uniform rooting pattern of Acer in comparison with the highly plastic root distribution in space through time in Gleditsia. Root frequencies within 1-mm root diameter class distributions shifted by species with the most drastic differences found between high frequencies of relatively small diameter roots in Acer vs. pronounced shifts in dominate root diameter size class as found in Gleditsia and lesser so in Carpinus during a growing season. Our findings demonstrate differences in whole tree root systems space occupation non-destructively through time and highlight a disparity in how species fill a container volume during growth.

Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toll ◽  
Federico J. Castillo ◽  
Pierre Crespi ◽  
Michele Crevecoeur ◽  
Hubert Greppin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Phase Partitioning
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