Are backyard characteristics relevant factors for the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Central-Western Brazil?

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Gabriel Guimarães Luz ◽  
Amanda Gabriela Carvalho ◽  
Danilo Bueno Naves ◽  
João Victor Leite Dias ◽  
Cor Jesus Fernandes Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relevant Factors

ABSTRACT Background This retrospective case-control study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the municipality of Rondonópolis, which is a highly endemic area for VL in Central-Western Brazil. Methods All VL cases reported in Rondonópolis from 2011 to 2016 were included. For each case, two neighborhood- and age-matched controls with the absence of past and present history of VL and negative rk39-based immunochromatographic test, were recruited. Data were retrospectively collected through interviews that assessed socioeconomic aspects, housing features, backyard characteristics, presence of animals and daily habits. A multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with human VL. Results During the study period, 81 VL cases were reported in Rondonópolis, of which 37 (45.7%) were included in this study. Seventy controls were also included. The variables associated with VL occurrence were the outdoor location of a bathroom and/or kitchen separated from the rest of the house (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 29.5), the presence of a vegetable garden (OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 21.2) and the presence of decaying fruits (OR 10.7; 95% CI 2.0 to 52.1) in the backyard. Conclusions Our findings suggest an association between backyard characteristics and VL. This may be useful in guiding preventive and control measures against zoonotic VL worldwide.

scholarly journals Risk factors related to seropositivity for Leptospira spp. in horses in the Serra Catarinense region

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deise Keli Farias ◽  
Gabriela Dick ◽  
Silvério Bunn ◽  
André Thaler Neto ◽  
Carolina Rech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Leptospira spp. The consequences of infection in horses are unclear, and the serogroups involved vary depending on the region. This study aimed to evaluate the seropositivity of unvaccinated horses in the Serra Catarinense region and the possible risk factors associated with the infection. We used 207 horses from 26 properties, with no clinical history of infection and unvaccinated for leptospirosis. We submitted serum samples to the microscopic agglutination serum (SAM) to obtain the main reference serogroups. We considered animals with titre ≥100 as infected. The results of the serology revealed seropositivity in 45.4% (94/207) of the animals studied. The most frequent antibodies reportedwere those against the serogroups Australis 16.9% (35/207), Ichterhaemorrhagiae 14.4% (30/207), and Grippotyphosa 5.31% (11/207). Among the primary risk factors associated with the infection we reported extensive rearing system (OR = 1.27; P<0.05) and the presence of other animal species such as cattle (OR = 3.85; P<0.01) and capybaras (OR = 2.07; P=0.06). The findings presented in this study showed that leptospirosis is endemic in horses in the Serra Catarinense region, and revealed the need for emergency surveillance and control measures specific to this important zoonosis.

scholarly journals Human visceral leishmaniasis and relationship with vector and canine control measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Nunes Carneiro Castro Costa ◽  
Patricia Marques Moralejo Bermudi Bermudi ◽  
Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco Rodas ◽  
Caris Maroni Nunes ◽  
Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serological Survey ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the coverage of control measures of visceral leishmaniasis and relate them with the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban area. METHODS: Cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis were considered as study population and evaluated by a serological survey conducted in Araçatuba, state São Paulo, from 2007 to 2015. The cases of human visceral leishmaniasis were geocoded by the address of the patients and the canine disease by the address of the dogs’ owners. The coverage of serological survey, euthanasia, and insecticide spraying was calculated, as well as the canine seroprevalence and the incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis. The relationship between human visceral leishmaniasis and control measures was evaluated, as well as the seroprevalence by comparing maps and by linear regression. The relationship between the canine and the human disease was also evaluated by the Ripley’s K function. RESULTS: The incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis showed a period of decline (2007 to 2009) and a period of stability (2010 to 2015), a behavior similar to that of canine seroprevalence. In general, the coverage of control measures was low, and the non-association with the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis can be a result of the period analyzed and of the small number of analyzed units (sectors of the Superintendence for the Control of Endemic Diseases). The distribution of human cases showed spatial dependence with the distribution of seropositive dogs from 2007 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: This study reaffirmed the relationship between the occurrence of the disease in humans and dogs, it verified a decrease in the rates of visceral leishmaniasis in Araçatuba over time, even at low coverage of control activities. However, further studies are needed to determine if factors beyond monitoring and control measures are involved in the reduction of incidences.

scholarly journals Factors associated with Leishmania chagasi infection in domestic dogs from Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Pereira da Silva ◽  
Guilherme Loureiro Werneck ◽  
Emanuelle Cardoso Macedo ◽  
Hanny de Carvalho ◽  
Maria do Socorro Pires e Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

INTRODUCTION: Many studies have evaluated risk factors for human visceral leishmaniasis, but few have focused on the infection among dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the association between peridomestic socioeconomic and environmental factors and the presence of dogs seropositive for Leishmania chagasi in the City of Teresina, Brazil. METHODS: This case-control study was based on the results of a routine seroepidemiological survey among domestic dogs carried out in 2007. Serological tests were performed by means of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. All dwellings in which at least one seropositive dog was detected were considered cases, and controls were a random sample of dwellings in which only seronegative dogs were identified. Associations between variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Dwellings with a history of dogs removed by the visceral leishmaniasis control program in the last 12 months had five-fold higher odds of having at least one seropositive dog as compared with dwellings having no history of dog removal (OR = 5.19; 95%CI = 3.20-8.42). Dwellings with cats had 58% increased odds of dog infection as compared with those having no cats (OR = 1.58; 95%CI = 1.01-2.47). CONCLUSIONS: Identification of factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis might be used for the delimitation of areas of higher risk for human visceral leishmaniasis, since infection in dogs generally precedes the appearance of human cases.

scholarly journals Times to Key Events in the Course of Zika Infection and their Implications for Surveillance: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Lessler ◽  
Cassandra T. Ott ◽  
Andrea C. Carcelen ◽  
Jacob M. Konikoff ◽  
Joe Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Background Evidence suggests that Zika virus has driven a 10-fold increase in babies born with microcephaly in Brazil, prompting the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, little is known about the natural history of infection. These data are critical for implementation of surveillance and control measures such as protecting the blood supply. Methods We conducted a systematic review and pooled analysis to estimate the distribution of times from Zika infection to symptom onset, seroconversion, and viral clearance, and analyzed their implications for surveillance and blood supply safety. Results Based on 25 case reports, we estimate the median incubation period of Zika virus infection is 5.9 days (95% CI: 4.4-7.6), and that 95% of cases will develop symptoms by 11.1 days post-infection (95% CI: 7.6-18.0). On average seroconversion occurs 9.0 days (95% CI, 7.0-11.6) after infection, and virus is detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CI: 6.8-21.4). In 5% of cases detectable virus persists for over 18.9 days (95% CI: 12.6-79.5). The baseline (no screening) risk of a blood donation being infected with Zika increases by approximately 1 in 10,000 for every 1 per 100,000 person-days increase in Zika incidence. Symptom based screening reduces this by 7% (RR 0.93, 93% CI 0.86-0.99), and antibody screening by 29% (RR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.28-0.88). Conclusions Symptom or antibody-based surveillance can do little to reduce the risk of Zika contaminated blood donations. High incidence areas may consider PCR testing to identify lots safe for use in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Serological Investigations of Brucellosis in Cattle, Farmers and Veterinarians in the Kars District of Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Otlu ◽  
M. Sahin ◽  
H. I. Atabay ◽  
A. Unver
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

The prevalence of brucellosis was investigated in cattle, farmers and veterinarians in the Kars district of Turkey between 2004 - 2006. In order to achieve this, a total of 407 serum samples of cattle from 27 herds having history of abortions were examined for Brucella antibodies by RBPT and SAT. In addition, the sera collected from 246 farmers (130 males and 116 females) and 28 veterinarians in the same district were analysed serologically by RBPT, SAT and ELISA. Of the cattle sera analysed, 134 (32.92%) and 141 (34.64%) were determined as positive by RBPT and SAT, respectively. Thirty-two (13%), 35 (14.22%) and 44 (17.88%) of the farmers' sera were found positive for brucellosis by RBPT, SAT and ELISA, respectively. There was no significant difference between sexes for Brucella seropositivity. Of the 28 sera from veterinarians, 13 (46.42%) were positive by the three serological tests. The high prevalence of brucellosis both in cattle and humans suggests that brucellosis is common in this area. Preventive and control measures should be implemented and pursued more strictly to reduce and/or eradicate brucellosis from the area.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular risk factors associated with ischemic stroke in a young non-diabetic and non-hypertensive population: a retrospective case-control study

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Qiu Wang ◽  
Jingwei Zhao ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Globally, rates of ischemic stroke (IS) have been rising among young adults. This study was designed to identify risk factors associated with IS incidence in young adults unaffected by hypertension or diabetes. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study of early-onset IS patients without diabetes and hypertension. Control patients were matched with healthy individuals based upon sex, age (±2 years), and BMI (±3 kg/m2) at a 1:3 ratio. Sociodemographic, clinical, and risk factor-related data pertaining to these patients was collected. The association between these risk factors and IS incidence was then assessed using conditional logistic regression models. Results We recruited 60 IS patients and 180 controls with mean ages of 44.37 ± 4.68 and 44.31 ± 4.71 years, respectively, for this study. Relative to controls, IS patients had significantly higher total cholesterol (TG), homocysteine (HCY), white blood cell (WBC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride cholesterol (TC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels (all P < 0.05). After controlling for potential confounding factors, HCY and ANC were found to be significantly positively associated with IS incidence (OR 1.518, 95%CI 1.165–1.977, P = 0.002 and OR 2.418, 95%CI 1.061–5.511, P = 0.036, respectively), whereas HDL-C and FT3 levels were negatively correlated with IS incidence (OR 0.001, 95%CI 0.000–0.083, P = 0.003 and OR 0.053, 95%CI 0.008–0.326, P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions In young non-diabetic and non-hypertensive patients, lower HDL-C and FT3 levels and higher HCY and ANC levels may be associated with an elevated risk of IS. Additional prospective studies of large patient cohorts will be essential to validate these findings.

Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) Among Household Contacts of Patients With Smear-Positive TB in 8 Provinces of Vietnam: A Nested Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavindhran Velen ◽  
Nguyen Viet Nhung ◽  
Nguyen Thu Anh ◽  
Pham Duc Cuong ◽  
Nguyen Binh Hoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Key Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to account for significant morbidity and mortality annually. Household contacts (HHCs) of persons with TB are a key population for targeting prevention and control interventions. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with developing TB among HHCs. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study among HHCs in 8 provinces in Vietnam enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of active case finding for TB. Cases were any HHCs diagnosed and registered with TB within the Vietnam National TB Program during 2 years of follow-up. Controls were selected by simple random sampling from the remaining HHCs. Risk factor data were collected at enrollment and during follow-up. A logistic regression model was developed to determine predictors of TB among HHCs. Results We selected 1254 HHCs for the analysis: 214 cases and 1040 controls. Underlying characteristics varied between both groups; cases were older, more likely to be male, with a higher proportion of reported previous TB and diabetes. Risk factors associated with a TB diagnosis included being male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.0), residing in an urban setting (aOR, 1.8; 1.3–2.5), prior TB (aOR, 4.6; 2.5–8.7), history of diabetes (aOR, 3.1; 1.7–5.8), current smoking (aOR, 3.1; 2.2–4.4), and prolonged history of coughing in the index case at enrollment (OR , 1.6; 1.1–2.3). Conclusions Household contacts remain an important key population for TB prevention and control. TB programs should ensure effective contact investigations are implemented for household contacts, particularly those with additional risk factors for developing TB.

Risk Factors Associated with Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Urban Area of Bahia, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuinara Maia ◽  
Vivian Viana ◽  
Eduardo Muniz ◽  
Larissa Oliveira Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Maurício Cardeal Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Suzane Albuquerque dos Santos Fukahori ◽  
Camila Gomes de Moura Nascimento ◽  
Simone Lugon da Silva Almeida ◽  
João Victor Batista Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Perception Of Health

<p>A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma condição clínica com múltiplas causas e é definida por níveis elevados e sustentados de pressão arterial, sendo considerada uma das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que acometem a população idosa. Objetivou-se identificar os fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, por meio das bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, associados ao repositório SciELO, entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, com a utilização dos descritores combinados e síntese dos dados por meio de tabulações. Foram evidenciados como fatores de risco à hipertensão arterial nos idosos: a própria senilidade, o sexo feminino, excesso de peso, pior autopercepção de saúde, não adesão ao tratamento, incapacidade funcional, depressão e a inatividade física. Os resultados mostram o papel dos fatores de riscos para o desenvolvimento e complicações da hipertensão, todavia também são sinais para a detecção precoce e para a ampliação das intervenções de medidas de prevenção e controle nas diversas esferas de atendimento em saúde.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Risk factors associated with arterial hypertension in elderly</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a clinical condition with multiple causes and is defined by elevated and sustained blood arterial pressure levels, being considered one of the main chronic non transmissible diseases that affect the elderly population. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with hypertension in the elderly. The present article deals with an integrative review, with a search carried out in the Virtual Health Library, through the LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE databases, associated with the SciELO repository, between 2010 and 2015 years, using the descriptors combined and synthesis of the data by through tabulations. Senility, female gender, overweight, worse self-perception of health, non-adherence to treatment, functional disability, depression and physical inactivity were evidenced as risk factors for hypertension in the elderly. The results show the role of risk factors for the development and complications of hypertension, but they are also signals for the early detection and for the expansion of the interventions of prevention and control measures in the different health care spheres.</pre>

scholarly journals Improved Performance of ELISA and Immunochromatographic Tests Using a New Chimeric A2-Based Protein for Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Maria Marta Figueiredo ◽  
Anna R. R. dos Santos ◽  
Lara C. Godoi ◽  
Natália S. de Castro ◽  
Bruno C. de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Chimeric Protein ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Sera Samples

Summary. Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health problem worldwide, leading to significant mortality rates if not properly treated and controlled. Precise identification of infected patients is essential to establish treatment and control measures. Although several VL serological diagnosis advances have been accomplished lately, mainly using recombinant antigens and immunochromatographic tests (ICTs), improvements may still be achieved using multiepitope chimeric proteins in different test platforms. Here, we reported on the evaluation of ELISA and an ICT developed with a new chimeric protein, named DTL-4, based on repetitive antigenic sequences, including those present in the A2 protein. Methods. A total of 1028 sera samples were used for the development and validation of ELISA (321 samples from L. infantum-infected patients, 62 samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, 236 samples from patients infected with other diseases, and 409 samples from healthy donors). A total of 520 sera samples were used to develop and validate ICT (249 samples from L. infantum-infected patients, 46 samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, 40 samples from patients infected with other diseases, and 185 samples from healthy donors). Findings. Using the validation sera panels, DTL-4-based ELISA displayed an overall sensitivity of 94.61% (95% CI: 89.94-97.28), a specificity of 99.41% (95% CI: 96.39-99.99), and an accuracy of 97.02% (95% CI: 94.61-98.38), while for ICT, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values corresponded to 91.98% (95% CI: 86.65-95.39), 100.00% (95% CI: 96.30-100.00), and 95.14% (95% CI: 91.62-97.15), respectively. When testing sera samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, DTL-4-ELISA displayed a sensitivity of 77.42% (95% CI: 65.48-86.16), a specificity of 99.41% (95% CI: 96.39-99.99), and an accuracy of 93.51% (95% CI: 89.49%-96.10%), while for DTL-4-ICT, sensitivity was 73.91% (95% CI: 59.74-84.40), specificity was 90.63% (95% CI: 81.02-95.63), and accuracy was 82.00% (95% CI: 73.63-90.91). Conclusion. DTL-4 is a promising candidate antigen for serodiagnosis of VL patients, including those with VL/AIDS coinfection, when incorporated into ELISA or ICT test formats.

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